6.4 Management Of Urban Settlements Flashcards
1
Q
General facts about Favelas in São Paulo (shanty town)
A
- Heliópolis is the largest areas of slum housing in Latin America
- over 100,000 people live here in a mix of absolutely and semi-poverty
- developed rapidly in the 1970s, and has continued to grow
- drug gangs developed considerable power in the area + murder and violence were at a high level
2
Q
What is absolute poverty?
A
a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education etc.
3
Q
What is relative poverty?
A
- basic needs may be met but those who live in relative poverty are are considerably worse off than those around them
- it is defined as living below 50% of the average income
4
Q
What are the challenges of Favelas
A
- finding the expensive investment capital for construction
- noise + disruption during development phase
- distribution of the service - who gets what + where
- size or scale of area involved
- environmental issues - pollution during construction phase
5
Q
What were the solution for Heliópolis?
A
- 2003 - UNAS (residents association), NGO - action aid and architect, Roy Ohtake came up with a plan to radically improve the environment
- this involved a coordinated street colour scheme, a library, recreational centre + housing project
- led to the development of the Heliópolis Housing Project iniates by SEHAB (the department of housing) in 2010
6
Q
What would the Heliópolis Housing Project provide?
A
- housing for 70,000 people in 18,000
- improving urban living, leisure spaces, educational and health facilities
- SEHAB also engaged in slum upgrading programmes, sanitary improvement and regularisation of informal land subdivisions - changed the focus from removing slums to upgrading them
- the first stage (2011) produced 11 five storey towers, each containing 18 apartments
- second stage developed 29 towers containing 542 new apartments
- cost estimated to be between $60,000 to $70,000
7
Q
Did the Heliópolis Housing Project work?
A
- Basic Sanitary Company of São Paulo states there is now 100% water connection, 77% sewage connection, almost 100% street lighting, now has Wi-Fi connection + most of the streets are paved
- security + stability have improved in the area, encouraging more people to invest
- Heliópolis is now considered a town
- there has been schemes to encourage entrepreneurship + small commercial ventures are located throughout the area - praised by ‘The Economist’ in 2010 for their innovation + entrepreneurship spirit
- however much remains to be done - fragile nature of house construction in Heliópolis was shown in July 2013 following a fire that killed 3 people + left 900 homeless - ActionAid still condemn some of the housing conditions
8
Q
Problems of transport infrastructure in Cairo?
A
- largest city in Africa - pop. growth has been rapid over the 50 years
- transport infrastructure designed for 2 million, but population was 8 million in 2014
- congestion is a constant issue - raising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, poor air quality + noise
- Cairo city transport operates the bus services - 450 formal bus routes
- Cairo’s metro carries about 2.2 million passengers a day in 2014
- Hugh ridership of public transport highlights demand for improvement in infrastructure
9
Q
What are the problems with improving transport infrastructure in Cairo?
A
- the problem is huge + city planners have struggled to keep pace to keep pace with rising demands + sheer size or scale of area involved
- finding sufficient funds to pay for the engineering contracts is a continuous challenge
- current public transport provision is inadequate - the planned extension to Cairos metro takes time + will cause disruption during the development phase/construction
10
Q
Solution to road transport in Cairo
A
- road transport has required sustained Hugh-level investment as the city has grown (population + land area)
- 7 bridges have been constructed- downtown expressways + flyovers bypass the congestion
- 100km ring road (build in 1990s) surrounds the city
11
Q
Solutions to the metro in Cairo?
A
- metro system was developed to reduce the number of vehicles on the road
- line 1 opened in 1987, line 2 1996, line 3 in 2012
- an extension to line 3 (phase 4B) was completed in 2020 to link the metro with the eastern part of the city
- a further link (to the airport) from line 3 is planned/under construction
- line 4 began construction in 2016 + 2 more lines are planned
12
Q
Solution for the airport in Cairo?
A
- located 15km from the centre of Cairo - second largest in Africa after Johannesburg
- 3 main terminals
- a season flight terminal opened in 2011 to ease the strain on existing terminals
13
Q
Evaluation of solutions in Cairo?
A
- most people see the development of the road system as essential, but critics say new roads simply generate more traffic
- despite new developments, the road system is till overcrowded + traffic jams are routine
- congestion is a result of insufficient public transport system according to a world Bank traffic study (2014)
- main limitations with the metro system is that it only reaches a limited area of the city - the extension of line 3 has increased the capacity of the metro so it now carries 4 million passengers a day
- it is hoped that further metro expansion will increase the metros capacity + thereby reduce the number of private vehicles on the road
- the expansion of the airport has been vital to maintain Cairo’s global city status