6.3 Changing Structure Of Urban Settlements Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the CBD located?
A
- often the most centrally located point in the city + is the easiest to access thanks to transport links it has to the rest of the city
- this is because the CBD is often the oldest part of the city - sometimes the history city centre is found next to the CBD
2
Q
What is the difference between commercial + retail?
A
- commercial refers to all profit making activities including services such as lawyers + accountants
- retail refers specifically to shops that sell goods to individual customers
- shops that provide goods for other shops are ‘trade’ stores
- both tend to be found in modern CBDs
3
Q
What are the typical features of the CBD?
A
- most expensive land in the city - ‘Peak Land Value Intersection’ due to most desirable location because of high pedestrian numbers
- tall buildings (to maximise the rent for the land)
- high density of higher order retail (shops + stores)
- high pedestrian ‘footfall’
- traffic congestion + traffic calming measures - e.g. pedestrianised streets
- important administrative + cultural buildings e.g. govt. buildings + concert halls
- businesses/commercial offices
- banks + other financial services
- public buildings e.g. libraries
- public transport points e.g. bus stop, metro stations + taxi ranks
4
Q
Why has the CBD developed how it did?
A
- the CBD is today at the centre of a much larger settlement, which has contributed to its development
- this is part of the positive multiplier effect (or cycle of cumulative causation) as it is both the cause + consquence of Peak Land Value Intersection
- easy to access, therefore highest land value at the PVLI + therefore high bid rent -> leading to high order services + retail can only afford it
- there is also a need to maximise profits, leading to internal zoning (clustering)
5
Q
What are the key characteristic features of the CBD?
A
- multi-storey development - high land value forces buildings to grow upwards
- concentration of retailing - high levels of accessibility attract shops with a high range, such as department stores in the most central areas - where as specialist shops are found in less accessible areas (less central)
- concentration of public transport - convergence of bus routes
- vertical zoning - shops occupy lower floors for better accessibility + offices occupy higher floors
- functional grouping - similar shops with similar functions tend to locate together (increasing their thresholds)
- low residential population - Hugh bid rents can only be met by luxury apartments
- highest pedestrian flow - due to attraction of a variety of commercial outlets + services
- traffic restrictions are greatest - pedestrianisation
6
Q
Why have some CBDs gone into decline?
A
- investors + businesses are attracted by peripheral sites that have good access + environments, often lower cost - also nearer to customers + workers who live in suburbs
- costs of development + upkeep of CBDs are high (business rates, rents + land cost)
- congestion reduces accessibility to CBDs
- progressive suburbanisation leads to urban sprawl; the city centre might be miles away
- rise in car ownership leads to increased personal mobility + the rise of ‘leisure’ shopping
- planning policies can encourage urban expansion + provide ‘out of town’ developments
- city councils determined to attract new industry/investment offer greenfield sites for development
7
Q
Problems in the CBD when in decline?
A
- vacant premises - online shopping so lack of pedestrians
- run down - lack of investment, needs redevelopment
- land intensively used - no room for expansion —> leads to high land costs
- traffic congestion - impacts air quality
8
Q
What is bid rent?
A
- refers to the price of the land
- the more the land is desirable, the more competition there is -> more competition mean businesses need to bid more money to beat the others
9
Q
What is Alonso’s bid rent theory?
A
- based on the idea that land at the centre of the city is more expensive to rent/buy as it is more accessible so more people want it + will bid for it
- shops + offices can afford to bid for higher rents in the centre of the city than industrial or residential so they occupy the central ring
- ## residential (housing) areas are on cheaper land at the edge of the city - however Alonso did point out that sometimes you find low income groups at the centre of the city but they were in high density cramped residential buildings
10
Q
What is functional zonation?
A
- where different land uses + activities (functions) are found concentrated together in certain parts of the urban area, with other functions not found, under-represented or excluded
- e.g. a zone of manufacturing industry or lawyer offices all near reach of each other
- despite difficulties of transport to CBD due to congestion, there are still many benefits for commerce (shops + offices) to be located in the CBD
- two main issues are retail agglomeration + functional grouping
11
Q
What is an advantage of functional zonation?
A
similar functions clustered together - more customers as pedestrians go to a specific place for certain shops
12
Q
What is a disadvantage of functional zonation?
A
Competition - have to reduce prices to compete with neighbouring shops that sell the same thing - risk of losing customers
13
Q
What is retail agglomeration?
A
- occurs when retail outlets of a similar type are found in the same location - e.g. sports clothing stores on the same street or same floor in a mall
- bars + restaurants are also usually clustered together
- this is because by opening close to one another, they can hope to take customers from their competition
- the concentration of the shops will also make that part of the CBD become well known for a specific type of activity + attract more shoppers
- shops that sell the same kind of goods are likely to have the same needs - e.g. jewellery shops need large windows facing the street to entice passing shoppers + major shopping stores need large shop floors so will be located in part of town which have the right kind of buildings
14
Q
What is functional grouping?
A
- means that related economic activities group together to be near each other - e.g. sandwich ships might be located near their customers in lawyer’s offices - lawyer offices are often located near the courthouse - the courthouse is often located near the headquarters of the city authorities
- the result is a chain of associated businesses that rely on one another
- another example - night life - nightclubs are often located near bars because the clientele will move on to the nightclub after drinking in bars
15
Q
Adv to retail agglomeration + functional grouping?
A
- time or cost saving for the function
- aids the customer
- comparison shopping
- reduces pollution
16
Q
Disadv to retail agglomeration + functional grouping?
A
- increased competition for businesses
- further to travel for consumers
17
Q
What changes are taking place in the CBD?
A
- pedestrian zones have been made to make it easier + safer
- indoor shopping centres have increased, modernisation + are multifunctional spaces to meet increasing demand
- public transport has become more coordinated greener transport strategies e.g. trams, park + ride schemes, bike hire stations
- multi-storey car parks have increased - allows more space
- some areas of the city have declined + others have expanded - meaning the CBD’s location can change over time
18
Q
Why are CBDs changing?
A
- economic -> e.g. to minimise the use of limited space, increased profits, remain competitive, develop new functions or services
- social -> e.g. to reflect new living + working patterns, for recreation
- environment -> replace outdated infrastructure, greening of urban area, reduce congestion, urban renewal
- political - prestige projects, planning decisions, 24hr city, change in governance, after conflict/terrorism
19
Q
What regeneration strategies did Leicester do?
A
- Leicester was aiming to compete with regional retail competition from Birmingham and Nottingham and attract a certain demographic
- east of Charle street, the city centre was dominated by factories + warehouses -> converted into residential accommodation - making space for people working in new businesses
- business area created near the railway station - including the re-use lf the old police station + renovation of the Leicester Mercury Building
- £60 million Curve theatre
- made more ‘trendy’ through creative industries - Leicester Creative Business Depot - attracting a wider range of graduates helping the city to economically grow
20
Q
What was the Neighbourhood Renewal strategy in Leicester
A
- Leicester city council has been involved in the scheme, spending in areas which show multiple deprivation
- raise the living conditions + prospects of the less privileged citizens of the city; designed to “even up” areas of multiple deprivation or disadvantaged groups - improving the overall economic status of the city
- wanting to preserve + enhance leciester’s regional position as one of the three key cities in the east
21
Q
What is the urban structure?
A
- the arrangement of land use in urban areas - how the land is set out
- urban planners, economists and geographers have developed several models that explain when different types of people + businesses tend to exist within an urban setting
- Burgess Model, Hoyt Model, Multiple nuclei model
22
Q
What does the burgess model show?
A
- created by socialist Ernest Burgess in 1924
- first used to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas
- according to the model, the city grows outward from a central point in a series of concentric rings
- the inner ring represents the CBD, the next ring is factories + industries, and then as you get further out you move from low class residential to high class residential
23
Q
What does the Hoyt model show?
A
- by economist Homer Hoyt in 1939
- a sector model that proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings
- certain areas are more attractive for various activities - whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons
- as the city grows + these activists flourish + expand outward, they do so in a wedge + become a sector of the city
24
Q
What is the theory of the Multiple nuclei model?
A
- developed in 1945 by geographers
- accorded to the model a city contains more than one centre around which activities resolve - some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others try to avoid them
- e.g. a uni node will attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, bookstores - whereas an airport might attract hotels + warehouses
- other businesses might also form clusters - e.g. garages
- incompatible activities will avoid clustering in the same area - explains why heavy industry + high income housing rarely coexist in the same area
25
Q
What does the multiple nuclei model show?
A
- CBD still exists but not always at centre of the settlement
- low residential housing tends to be in areas of cheaper land around industry
- high class residential + medium class can afford to avoid living in industrial areas so these are normally on a different side of the city
- there are areas of development outside of the main settlement around new nuclei like out of town shopping centres
26
Q
Location of transport in urban areas
A
- as settlement grows, they often do so outwards from the centre
- as all transport routes radiate from this central point, the CBD was historically the most accessible point
- modern infrastructure (highways + railways) has changed this, but the CBD has retained its important position as the commercial central
- however historically narrow streets + large numbers of people wanting access to the CBD leads to traffic congestion - causing a decline of the CBD
27
Q
Location of retailing in urban areas?
A
- functional zoning -> set areas of the city have set functions e.g. offices are found in the centre of the city
- retail agglomeration -> very noticeable in city centres - shops of similar functions are found in the same area
28
Q
Examples of the patterns of retailing?
A
- complimentary shops tend to cluster due to function zoning
- within cities there will also be secondary shopping parades (shopping streets within suburbs) - shops that can’t afford the high bid rent of the CBD
- within the suburbs there will also be many corner shops that sell low order goods
29
Q
Example of high order shops?
A
John Lewis -> high threshold -> high range
30
Q
Example of a low order shop?
A
Convenience shop -> low threshold -> low range
31
Q
What is the threshold?
A
The number of people needed to keep a shop open
