6.4

Question 1

Describe the development and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Answer 1

• during bacterial reproduction - chance of mutation occuring
• natural selection -> mutations r more common
• bacterial popln is increasingly resistant to drug

Question 2

What could mutations cause?

Answer 2

• new biochemical pathways
• switch on/ creatubf a gene for production of an AB-destroying enzyme

Question 3

what are the difficulties in controlling the spread of AR in bact?

Answer 3

• time consuming, costly - impacts economy
• can impact wellbeing - feeling isolated, QoL
• changing current methods -> training + enforcement

Question 4

describe the methods for controlling spread of AR in bact?

Answer 4

1. control use of ABs - careful use reduces likelihood of resistant bacteria evolving
   - every course should be completed
2. hygiene measures - avoid spread of harmful pathogens
3. isolation of patients
4. prevention of infection entering hospital - screen pxs when enter - can be isolated + treated immediately if needed
5. monitoring levels of healthcare-associated infections

Question 5

how are AR genes transmitted bw bacteria?

Answer 5

1. vertical transmission = BINARY FISSION -> very very fast - this is why although mutations are rare - the v fast growth rate mean resistance can be developed very quickly
2. horizontal/lateral transmission = genetic material carried on plasmid/other DNA is transferred bw bacteria