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Production Animals + Theriogenology - 633, 635, 637 > 635 - Intensive Industries in General > Flashcards

635 - Intensive Industries in General Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 2 ways that pigs and chickens develop clinical disease.

A
  1. Novel or new pathogen or parasite enters the farm
  2. Endemic pathogen becomes clinical due to a disruption of the stability of the herd/flock health
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2
Q

List and explain the 6 steps in conducting a farm visit for

A
  1. Records - performance, previous vet reports, treatments, vaccination, slaughter checks, past diagnostic lab reports
  2. Biosecurity - ins and outs of the whole farm
  3. Clinical exam - 4 ring approach
  4. Environmental exam - food, water, air, flooring
  5. People/management - take a history, make sure staff are appropriately trained
  6. Diagnostic workup - fishbone structure
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3
Q

Which 11 factors determine breeder performance and productivity of a breeder farm?

A
  1. Pigs weaned per mated female per year
  2. Total born/litter
  3. Pre-weaning mortality
  4. Number of litters per mated female per year
  5. Wean to 1st service interval (days)
  6. Farrowing rate
  7. Female death loss
  8. Gilt farrowing rate
  9. Total born per female farrowed (P1-P3)
  10. Total born per female farrowed (P1)
  11. Retention
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4
Q

What factors determine progeny performance?

A

Post-weaning mortality (deaths from weaning to finisher phase)
Number of days or weeks to reach market weight
Sort loss
Feed conversion ratio

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5
Q

Explain the 4 ring approach to clinical exams used in intensive industries.

A
  1. Outside the building/site
  2. Inside the building
  3. Individual pens
  4. Individual animals

Need to look at the group and environment especially closely in intensive industries

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6
Q

List the commonly collected samples used in intensive industries for diagnostic workup.

A

Blood - serum
Fixed or fresh tissue
Swabs - nasal, tonsils, faecal
Body fluids - thoracic, peritoneal, synovial, CSF
Feed and water samples

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7
Q

What are the 3 management options for sick or compromised pigs?

A
  1. Treat (usually groups rather than individuals)
  2. Truck to abattoir (if fit to load)
  3. Euthanise on farm (if not fit to load)
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8
Q

What makes a pig compromised?

A

Sick
Injured
Unable to successfully compete with other pigs for food and water
Pig in pain (= unnecessary harm)

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9
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of injections (IM or SC) as a treatment option for pigs.

A

Adv - quick-acting treatment, range of medications available, can be targeted to treat individuals
Disadv - time consuming for large numbers of animals requiring tx, stressful to staff + pigs, injection site reactions (abscess), needles need to be disposed of, risk of broken needles in carcass (heavy slaughterhouse penalties)

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10
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of in-feed medications as a treatment option for pigs.

A

Adv - large number of animals can be tx, can be preventative or treatment, requires little input from stages
Disadv - least effective method for treating sick pigs, sick pigs often dont eat, higher risk of residue contamination, slow response, requires silos available, WHP + ESI need to be managed

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11
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of in-water medications as a treatment option for pigs.

A

Adv - easy, large numbers of pigs can be treated promptly, can be preventative or treatment, specific ages or groups of pigs can be treated, low maintenance cost once system is installed, flexibility for a number of uses
Disadv - costs of installation for system, water wastage will waste medication, soluble meds more expensive than in-feed, healthy pigs are treated at the same time as sick pigs, sick pigs may not drink, water pipes can become blocked if medications are not dissolved, water quality can affect solubility + effectiveness of some medications

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12
Q

Describe the appropriate needle size to choose for giving injectable medication to different classes of pigs.

A

Piglets - 21G x 1/2 inch
Weaners - 19G x 3/4 inch
Growers + finishers - 18G x 1 inch
Sows + boars - 16G x 1.5 inch

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13
Q

What major considerations need to be made when deciding to give in-water medications to pigs?

A

How the medication is getting into the water - header tanks, in-line proportioners
Dose calculation
Solubility of the medication - pH of the medication may require extra additives to be needed
Water consumption by pigs

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14
Q

Describe appropriate hospital pen management on a pig farm.

A

Assess pigs BID
Non-responding pigs should be euthanised within 3 days
Use recovery pens rather than return them straight to the herd
Record all treatments and responses on hospital sheet/computer record
Record treatment success/failure
ID the ear tags of each pig and what treatment they receive

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15
Q

What are the alternatives to antibiotics for prevention of disease in pigs?

A

Vaccinations
Probiotics/prebiotics
Water acidifiers
Pig flow
Housing management including disinfection

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16
Q

Explain the concept of the “new shed” effect.

A

Growth rate decline after 6 months of pigs being in a new shed
Due to bioaerosols building up which causes inflammation and leads to reduced ADI, FCI, growth rate, and ability to resist infection

17
Q

Describe 3 ways disease can be controlled through environmental management.

A
  1. Biosecurity
  2. Reducing levels of contamination with infectious agents - improve hygiene
  3. Eliminating contact between age groups
18
Q

Why is controlling stress important for disease control?

A

Stress reduces the infective dose required to produce clinical signs of disease

19
Q

List 6 potential stressors which may increase risk of infection development.

A
  1. Poor hygiene
  2. Suboptimal nutrition
  3. Poor air quality
  4. Overcrowding
  5. Poor ventilation
  6. Extreme and fluctuating temperatures
20
Q

What is the first step in examining pigs for clinical assessment?

A

Undisturbed distance observations - note any clinical signs and evaluate lying/sleeping patterns, defaecating patterns, vices, body condition, change in prevalence or severity of disease

21
Q

List 4 examples of vices seen in pigs.

A
  1. Ear sucking or biting
  2. Tail biting
  3. Pizzle/prepuce sucking
  4. Vulval biting
22
Q

Describe the treatment for wounds caused by vice behaviour in pigs.

A

First aid:
Isolation
Antibiotics
Pain relief

Fix the underlying problem that triggered the vice

23
Q

How big should 1 feeder space be as a minimum?

A

Space available for a pig to feed in should equate to the width of the pigs shoulders at least

24
Q

What things do you need to consider when assessing feed on a farm visit for pigs?

A

Access
Feed type - particle size, how it was made, smell
Feeder maintenance
Contaminants - mycotoxins, flies
Dust/wastage
Auger maintenance

25
Q

Name 5 health and performance impacts of an “out of feed” event.

A
  1. Risk of stomach ulcer development
  2. Reduced growth
  3. Increased P2 fat deposition
  4. Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome
  5. Tail biting and other vice behaviour
  6. Salmonellosis
  7. Ileitis
26
Q

What is the optimal particle size for feed to ensure both pig performance and feed/milling efficiencies?

A

700 microns

27
Q

What things do you need to consider when assessing water on a pig farm visit?

A

Need to do a visual and chemical assessment of the water
Access - drinker position, flow rate
Temperature - are the lines buried or out in the sun
Contaminants
Salts/total dissolved salt measurements
pH

28
Q

What are the necessary water flow rates for weaners, growers, and lactating sows?

A

Weaners - 0.5L/min
Growers - 1L/min
Lactating sows - 2L/min

29
Q

Why does water intake decrease in the middle of the day during summer?

A

Because the pigs are not drinking as much - sleeping as its too hot

30
Q

What things do you need to consider when assessing air on a pig farm visit?

A

Draught + movement
Gases - ammonia, CO2, CO, hydrogen sulphide, dust
Temperature - cooling + heating systems
Light

31
Q

What is the maximum air movement that should be seen at piglet height?

A

0.2m/s

32
Q

Explain how ambient air temperature requirements change for sows pre-farrowing, at farrowing, and at 2 days post-farrowing.

A

Pre-farrowing - 16 degrees C
Farrowing - 20 degrees C
2 days post-farrowing - 16 degrees C

33
Q

What is the ideal relative humidity for farrowing and post-farrowing?

A

Between 50-75% RH

34
Q

What is the ideal ambient air temperature for sleeping piglets?

A

30 degrees C

35
Q

How do we manage the differences between optimal ambient air temperatures for sows and piglets?

A

Use of different florring substrates - plastic where the piglets are sleeping and metal for the sow as it doesn’t retain as much heat
Use heat lamps and heat mats where the piglets are sleeping

36
Q

What is the acceptable air ammonia concentration in a pig shed?

A

<11 ppm

37
Q

How does ammonia concentration affect pig health and performance?

A

Ammonia causes increased mucous viscosity so worsens the action of the mucociliary escalator –> increased respiratory disease
Decreased growth rates

38
Q

What things do we need to consider when assessing the floors on a pig farm visit?

A

Stocking density
Usability - shape and positioning of resources
Maintenance - injury risk, hygiene
Hygiene - bacterial aerosols, ammonia

39
Q

Name the 3 consequences of poor rodent control.

A
  1. Loss of feed –> increased cost of production
  2. Vectors for diseases
  3. Damage to facilities

Production Animals + Theriogenology - 633, 635, 637 (5 decks)

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