Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology 1 > 6.2 Arthropods 2 > Flashcards

6.2 Arthropods 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Siphonaptera

A

Fleas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Siphonaptera - Fleas; hosts

A
  • Ctenocephalides (dog and cat fleas)
  • Echidnophaga (sticktight flea) - poultry
  • Pulex irritans- primarily people
  • Tunga penetrans (chigoe flea) - primarily people

Hosts are preferred but some have cosmopolitan tastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Siphonaptera - Fleas; General Characteristics

A
  • parasites of the skin
  • sometimes permanently attached
  • wingless, laterally compressed
  • long legs - excellent jumpers
  • may have genal or pronotal combs (ctenedia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Siphonaptera - Fleas; General Life Cycle

A
  • complex metamorphosis
  • eggs not attached to hosts
  • larvae and pupae in environment
  • adults may reside on host or move off and on for blood meals
  • feed on blood as adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; what are they, what do they infect

A

Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
Ctenocephalides canis (dog flea)
* prefer cats and dogs but …
* surface-feeding ectoparasites of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Morphology - Adults

A
  • wingless, laterally compressed
  • golden brown, up to 4 mm
  • both genal and pronotal combs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Morphology - Larva

A
  • worm-like (maggot-like) up to 5 mm
  • brown head and well developed segments
  • possesses anal struts which are two hook processes on the posterior end
  • feed primarily on “flea dirt”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“Flea dirt”

A
  • Undigested blood from adult fleas
  • Primary food for larvae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fleas - Ctenocephalides spp.; Morphology - Pupa

A
  • soft, moist cocoon, up to 4 mm
  • sticky – accumulates camouflage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fleas - Ctenocephalides spp.; Morphology - Egg

A
  • glistening, white
  • 0.5 mm oval
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Life Cycle

A
  • complex metamorphosis
  • eggs not attached to hosts, fall to ground
  • may produce up to 2000 eggs per female
  • larvae and pupae in favourable environment
  • large numbers in “source spots”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; “Source Spots” - Usually found where…

A

1) Dog or cat spends considerable time
2) Ample supply of “flea dirt”
3) Little or no human or animal traffic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Common source spots include:

A
  • pet’s bedding
  • under chairs or under cushions of chairs
  • outdoors in moist, shaded areas without traffic (e.g. below raised decks)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Typical Cat Flea Colony; adults, pupae, larvae, eggs, total

A

Adults 250 (5%)
Pupae 500 (10%)
Larvae 1750 (35%)
Eggs 2500 (50%)
Total 5000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs

A
  • irritation results from frequent bites and injection of salivary secretions
  • range of responses
  • no reaction to highly allergic with puritis and dermatitis
    = Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)
  • Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)
  • Hypersensitivity to bites
  • Misery can result from only one or few flea bites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Diagnosis

A
  • clinical signs of irritation - licking, chewing or scratching
  • direct observation of fleas or flea dirt in heavy infestations
  • brisk combing over a light coloured towel to collect flea dirt and eggs (even larvae and adults)
  • “water test” the sample (look for blood in flea dirt) by dampening
    the towel – red stains indicate blood in the combed material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment, general

A
  • changes to the infested environment
  • insecticides of various sorts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment - Environment

A
  • frequent and thorough vacuuming
  • dehumidifier in basement of affected house
  • regular cleaning of bedding and other “source spots”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment - Insecticides, 3 major types

A
  • three (3) major types based on type of action
    o insect growth regulators (IGR’s)
    o quick knock down insecticides
    o insecticides with residual activity
    o newer adulticides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment - Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s)
(Insect Development Inhibitors)

A
  • A) artificial hormones that interfere with flea larva pupation – e.g. methoprene
  • B) Chitin inhibitor – e.g. lufenuron
  • little or no toxicity to vertebrates - safe
  • slow acting because it stops multiplication but does not kill existing adult fleas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment - Quick Knock Down Insecticides

A
  • often “botanicals” - pyrethrins and their synthetic counterparts, pyrethroids, sometimes with synergist piperonyl butoxide
  • fast killing action
  • short effective life - repeated applications
  • generally in shampoos and sprays used directly on animals
22
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment - Insecticides with Residual Activity

A
  • often carbamates and organophosphates
  • slower killing action
  • long effective life - repeated applications are not as necessary
  • commonly found in collars as well as animal shampoos, topical spot cutaneous application and, especially, area sprays
23
Q

Ctenocephalides spp.; Treatment – Newer Adulticides

A
  • Imidacloprid (“Advantage” - an insecticide)
  • adulticidal and larvacidal
  • monthly topical application
  • Selamectin (“Revolution” - endectocide, an avermectin)
  • adulticide and prevents eggs from hatching
  • monthly topical application
  • has activity against a wide range of parasites in addition to fleas
  • Nitenpyram (“Capstar”)
  • Oral insecticide – neurotoxin
  • fleas ingest poison when feeding
  • short duration of activity – about 1 day
    (no residual activity)
  • useful in some situations
24
Q

Arachnida includes

A

 mites, ticks, spiders

25
Q

Class Arachnida; General Characteristics; hosts

A
  • some parasites of the skin
  • mites usually host specific
  • ticks may have cosmopolitan tastes
  • found on virtually all animals including humans
26
Q

Life Cycle - Arachnida

A

Egg ⇒ Larva ⇒ Nymph ⇒ Adults

27
Q

Class Arachnida; General Characteristics; morphology

A

*Body compact
*Capitulum or “false head”
o basis capitulum
o mouthparts
*4 pairs of legs

28
Q

Ticks; Morphology

A
  • Body compact with leathery cuticle
  • Capitulum or “false head”
    o basis capitulum
    o mouthparts
    o armed hypostome
  • 4 pairs of legs as adults
  • Larvae look like adults but have 3 pairs of legs
  • Nymphs look like adults with 4 pairs of legs but are not sexually mature
29
Q

Ticks; Capitulum

A
  • armed hypostome
  • chelicerate mouthparts
  • prominent palps
30
Q

Ticks; Families

A

Family Argasidae - the argasids
* soft ticks
* four genera, eg. Argas, Ornithodorus, etc.

Family Ixodidae - the ixodids
* hard ticks
* many genera, eg. Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Amblyomma, etc.

31
Q

Ticks; Family Ixodidae - the hard ticks; identifying factors

A

-Capitulum
o Terminal
o anterior
-Scutum
o hard dorsal plate
-(hence “hard tick”)
-Live outdoors
-Mammals are usual hosts
-Feeding takes several days

32
Q

Ticks; Family Argasidae - the soft ticks; identifying factors

A
  • Capitulum
    o subterminal
    o ventral
  • No scutum - hard dorsal
  • Live in nests, burrows, buildings
  • Found on both birds and mammals
  • Feeding in minutes to hours by adults and nymphs
33
Q

Ticks; General Life Cycle

A
  • Eggs laid off of host
  • All follow the general plan of egg to larva to nymph to adult but vary in the number of hosts used during the life cycle - simple metamorphosis
  • All stages feed on blood
  • Repetitive blood feeding makes these potential biological vectors of blood- borne pathogens
34
Q

Ticks; One-host ticks life cycle

A
  • larva attaches to host A and completes development to adult on the same host then drops off to lay eggs
35
Q

Ticks; Two-host ticks life cycle

A
  • larva attaches to host A, feeds, molts to nymph, feeds and then drops off to molt to adult; adult attaches to host B, feeds, then drops off to lay eggs
36
Q

Ticks; Three-host ticks life cycle

A
  • larva attaches to host A, feeds and drops off to molt; nymph attaches to host B, feeds and drops off to molt; adult attaches to host C, feeds and then drops off to lay eggs
37
Q

Ticks; Multiple host ticks life cycle

A
  • larvae attaches to a host (long feed) then drops off to molt; nymphs and adults return to the host repeatedly to feed
  • all soft ticks are multiple host ticks
38
Q

are multiple host ticks soft or hard?

A
  • all soft ticks are multiple host ticks
39
Q

Dermacentor spp.

A

Hard Ticks

40
Q

Hard Ticks; Dermacentor spp.

A

Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain Spotted Wood Tick)
* western North America only
* biological vector of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (a rickettsial disease)

Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog Tick)
* North America east of Rockies

41
Q

Dermacentor spp.; Adult Morphology

A
  • ornate scutum, basis capitulum parallel sided, palps short
  • festoons present, except in fed females
42
Q

Dermacentor spp.; Life Cycle

A
  • 3 host tick, long life cycle
  • larvae and nymphs feed on small mammals, adults on dogs and other larger mammals
43
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus; what is it, what does it affect, where is it found on the body

A

(Brown Dog Tick)
* primarily affects dogs but also other mammals
* adults found between toes and in ears
* larvae and nymphs at back of neck

44
Q

Rhipicephalus sp.; Adult Morphology

A
  • scutum inornate , basis capitulum angular, palps short
  • festoons present, except in fed females
45
Q

Rhipicephalus sp.; life cycle

A
  • 3 host tick, 2 month from egg to adult
  • unfed adults can survive extended periods
  • all stages feed upon dogs
46
Q

Ixodes spp.; hosts

A
  • many animals have distinct Ixodes sp.
47
Q

Ixodes scapularis; hosts, vector for what

A

(Deer Tick)
* larvae and nymphs on mice, adults on deer
* all stages will attach to other mammals, including humans
* biological vector for Lyme Disease

48
Q

Ixodes spp.; Adult Morphology

A
  • scutum inornate , basis capitulum parallel-sided, palps long
  • festoons absent, anal groove anterior to anus
49
Q

Ixodes spp.; Life Cycle

A
  • 3 host tick, long life cycle (2 or more years)
  • unfed adults and nymphs can survive extended periods and overwinter
50
Q

Hard Ticks - All Genera; Pathogenesis/Clinical Signs

A
  • heavy infections can cause blood loss and “tick worry”
  • hair loss due to rubbing of affected areas
  • “tick paralysis” or tick toxicosis caused by the salivary secretions of female hard ticks (usually Dermacentor or Amblyomma spp. in North America)
51
Q

Hard Ticks - All Genera; Diagnosis

A
  • finding the attached ticks on the animal

Parasitology 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions