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Parasitology 1 > 6.1 Arthropods 1 > Flashcards

6.1 Arthropods 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropods ‐ General Characteristics

A

 jointed appendages
 chitinous exoskeleton
 body segmented
 separate sexes

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2
Q

Classes of Arthropods (that we cover in this course)

A
  • Insecta - insects
  • Arachnida ‐ mites, ticks, spiders
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3
Q

Characteristics of Insects

A
  • 3 body divisions
    ‐ head, thorax and abdomen
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • sometimes wings (usually 2 pairs)
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4
Q

Diptera - what are they

A

Two Winged Flies
* Mosquitoes, gnats, midges, blackflies
* horse flies, deer flies
* house flies, stable flies
* blue‐ and green‐bottle flies
* bot flies
* warbles

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5
Q

Diptera ‐ Life Cycle Strategies

A

Complex metamorphosis
Egg > Larva 1 > Larva n > Pupa > Adults

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6
Q

suborders of diptera

A

-Nematocera
-Brachycera
-Cyclorrhapha

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7
Q

Suborder Nematocera physical characteristics

A

*long, segmented antennae
*piercing‐sucking mouthparts
*females only blood‐feed

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8
Q

Suborder Brachycera physical characteristics

A

*stylate antennae
*slicing mouthparts, feed by telmophagy
*females only of most genera blood-feed

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9
Q

Suborder Cyclorrhapha physical characteristics

A

*aristate antennae
*variable mouthparts

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10
Q

Diptera ‐ Nematocera; what species in this suborder are we concerned about? how do they feed? why are they a problem?

A

*Mosquitoes, gnats, midges, blackflies
*females blood‐feed
*annoying ‐ causes “worry”
*may cause anemia
*may transmit pathogens

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11
Q

Diptera ‐ Brachycera; what species in thes suborder are we concerned about? how do they feed? why are they a problem?

A

*Horse flies and deer flies
*females blood‐feed
*painful bites
*loud fliers
* persistent
*annoying ‐ causes “worry”

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12
Q

Diptera ‐ Cyclorrhapha; what species in thes suborder are we concerned about?

A

*Various robust flies including house flies, stable flies, face flies, flesh flies, warble flies, and bot flies
*aristate antennae
*various mouthparts

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13
Q

Musca domestica

A

the uncommonly filthy house fly

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14
Q

Musca domestica physical characteristics

A

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly
*robust, hairy body
*aristate antennae
* sponging‐lapping mouthparts
*strong flier

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15
Q

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly; Life Cycle

A
  • complex metamorphosis
  • eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces or other rotting organic matter (not too selective)
  • maggots eat organic debris
  • pupation in soil
  • extremely prolific
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16
Q

Musca domestica ‐ House Fly; significance

A

*annoyance, nuisance
*efficient mechanical vector for pathogens
*feeding habits promote transmission
*biological vector of Habronema and Draschia of horses

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17
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; physical characteristics

A

*morphologically similar to M. domestica (house fly)
* sponging‐lapping mouthparts

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18
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; life cycle, feeding habits

A

*complex metamorphosis
*eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces
*pupation in soil
*adults overwinter in buildings
*adults on horses and cattle outdoors only
*adults feed on eye, nose and mouth secretions

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19
Q

Musca autumnalis ‐ Face Fly; significance

A

*annoyance, irritation, worry
*mechanical vector for pathogens
e.g. infectious keratoconjunctivitis (Moraxella bovis)
*biological vector for eyeworms (Thelazia spp.)

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20
Q

Haematobia irritans

A

Horn Fly

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21
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; physical characteristics

A

*aristate antennae
*piercing‐sucking mouthparts
*about 1⁄2 of the size of a house fly
*almost constantly on hosts both inside and out

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22
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; life cycle

A
  • eggs laid in undisturbed cattle feces
  • maggots in feces
  • pupation in soil
  • pupae overwinter in soil
  • adults on backs of cattle indoors or out
  • adults pierce skin for blood
  • adults leave cattle only to lay eggs
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23
Q

Haematobia irritans ‐ Horn Fly; significance

A
  • annoyance, irritation, worry
  • reduces milk production and weight gains
  • significant blood loss in heavy infections
  • biological vector for filarial nematode of cattle (Stephanofilaria stilesi)
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24
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

A

Stable Fly

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25
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; physical characteristics

A

*body similar to that of Musca spp. (often called a “biting house fly”)
*aristate antennae
* bayonet‐shaped mouthparts
(NOT ‐ sponging‐lapping mouthparts)

26
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; life cycle

A

*complex metamorphosis
*eggs laid in decaying vegetation
*maggots develop in damp straw, etc.
*pupation in soil ‐ overwinter as pupae
*adults attack mammals during midday
*adults pierce the skin for blood
*adults are persistent annoying pests

27
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans ‐ Stable Fly; Significance

A

*painful bite
*persistent feeders that are easily disturbed
*therefore, annoyance and worry
*reduced milk production and weight gains
*significant pest of humans as well
*intermediate host for Habronema sp. (nematode of horses)

28
Q

Biting and Non‐biting Muscid Flies Control Summary

A

1) Sanitation Measures
*timely removal of manure to reduce the number of breeding sites locally
*general cleanliness to remove sites with rotting vegetation (particularly wet decomposition)
*where feasible and desirable, ensure proper drainage to remove areas of standing water or muck

2) Insecticides
*ear tags impregnated with topical organophosphates or botanicals (e.g. rotenone, pyrethrins ) against face and horn flies
*spray‐on or pour‐on formulations of insecticides
*back rubbers may be useful on pasture
*chitin inhibitors in feed of cattle to make manure unsuitable for larval development

29
Q

Melophagus ovinus

A

Sheep Keds

30
Q

Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; physical characteristics and life cycle

A

*Wingless fly
*Flattened dorso‐ventrally
*Leathery, hairy
*Complex metamorphosis
*Mature larvae laid by females spin cocoons immediately

31
Q

Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; significance

A
  • Irritation
    *Blood loss
    *Wool damage through rubbing and staining
32
Q

Sheep Keds – Melophagus ovinus; control

A

*Topical insecticides
*Usually a winter issue

33
Q

Myiasis

A

*Invasion of healthy or damaged flesh by the larvae of dipteran flies
*both obligate (e.g. cattle grubs, Cuterebra, sheep nasal bots) and facultative myiasis (e.g. wool strike, blow flies)
*facultative myiasis generally start with a wound of some kind that attracts flies

34
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; physical characteristics

A

*larger than a housefly
*brilliant metallic colouring (calliphorids) or grey checkerboard appearance (sarcophagids)

35
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; larvae

A

Myiasis

*maggot, “screw‐worms”, up to 15 mm long
*typical, robust dipteran larva

36
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; life cycle

A

*complex metamorphosis
*eggs usually laid in or around wounds, soiled
skin/wool, or in decaying carcasses
*species‐specific level of decomposition preferred
*larvae develop at or near site of oviposition
*mature larvae leave host to pupate

37
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids;
Predisposing causes for fly attack ‐ “wool strike”

A

*open wounds from any cause
‐ especially attracted to putrefying flesh
*decomposing wool on soiled/wet sheep
‐ may result from heavy rain, urine, uterine discharge, diarrhea, sweat, etc.
*locally, intestinal parasitoses resulting in diarrhea are a significant cause of wool decay and subsequent fly attack

38
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; Pathogenesis

A

*maggots develop in wound or wool, feeding on dead tissues ‐ foul odour and brownish staining
*some may invade adjacent normal tissue
*decay of flesh may cause toxemia
*maggots may migrate under the skin for a significant distance and into underlying muscle
*sheep may kick or bite the “struck” area

39
Q

Sarcophagids and Calliphorids; Treatment

A

*shear away wool from affected area
*physically remove all visible maggots, probing under flaps of skin to remove maggots and to debride decomposing flesh
*apply insecticides locally by spray or spread manually
*management of secondary bacterial infections may be necessary depending on severity of lesions

40
Q

Bot Flies – Major Types and hosts

A

*Warble Fly (cattle grubs) – cattle, rarely horses
*Nasal Bot Fly (Oestrus ovis) ‐ sheep
*Rodent or Rabbit Bot Fly – small animals
*Stomach Bot Fly ‐ horses

41
Q

Bot Flies – General Features

A
  • Often large bee‐like adults – do not feed
  • Large larvae must store energy for metamorphosis and egg‐laying
  • Usually well‐prescribed sites of development
42
Q

Hypoderma species; what are they? cause obligate what?

A

Hypoderma bovis
*Northern cattle grub
*Larvae overwinter in spinal canal or epidural fat

Hypoderma lineatum
*Southern or common cattle grub
*Larvae overwinter in esophageal connective tissue

Causes Obligate Myiasis

43
Q

Hypoderma species; Life Cycle

A

*Complex life cycle
*Eggs laid on legs of cattle by non‐feeding adult flies
*Larvae penetrate skin – migrate to overwintering sites by December for about 3 months
* Late February through April – migrate to back
*Produce “warble” there – subcutaneous cyst
*Larvae mature, drop out of wound and pupate
* One cycle per year in Ontario

44
Q

Hypoderma species; Pathogenesis/Lesions

A
  • “gadding” results from oviposition – reduced production through energy expenditure
  • holes in hides reduce value and lesions may require trimming in packing plant
  • horse, loss of use if warble in saddle area
45
Q

Cuterebra species; Morphology

A

*adults ‐ robust and bee‐like flies with vestigial mouthparts
*larvae ‐ large with prominent spines found within subcutaneous cysts of host

46
Q

Cuterebra species; Life Cycle

A

*complex metamorphosis
*eggs found near burrow openings
*larvae enter host via nose or mouth
*migrates to skin and cuts breathing hole
*larva emerges from hole when mature
*pupation on ground (over‐wintering)
*adults mate and lay eggs the following year

47
Q

Cuterebra species; Pathogenesis/Lesions/Clinical Signs

A
  • subcutaneous fibrotic cyst
  • wet coat in neck region
  • small hole
  • rarely, larvae enter the CNS
48
Q

Cuterebra species; treatment

A

*surgical removal of the bot
*debride contents of cyst, if necessary
*local anti‐inflammatory/antibiotic
*systemic treatment if severe

49
Q

Gasterophilus species

A

Stomach Bots

Gasterophilus intestinalis
* Most common >95%

Gasterophilus nasalis
* Uncommon locally

50
Q

Gasterophilus species; life cycle

A

*Complex life cycle
*Most eggs on forelegs
(Gasterophilus intestinalis)
*Oral migration
*2nd stage larvae swallowed
*Larvae overwinter in stomach
*Larvae pass out with feces

50
Q

Gasterophilus species; Pathogenesis/Lesions

A
  • Usually asymptomatic but gastric lesion can be significant
    *Rarely perforations can occur giving abscesses and peritonitis
51
Q

Gasterophilus species; Control

A
  • Many registered compounds available including insecticides and endectocides (macrocyclic lactones)
52
Q

Causes Obligate Myiasis; which ones?

A

Gasterophilus species
Cuterebra species
Hypoderma species

=>all the bot flies

53
Q

Anoplura

A

Sucking Lice

54
Q

Anoplura ‐ Sucking Lice; general characteristics

A

*highly host‐specific
*feed on secretions, blood
*wingless, flattened (dorso‐ventrally)

head is narrower than the thorax

55
Q

Anoplura ‐ Sucking Lice; life cycle, where are they found on the host

A
  • simple metamorphosis
  • eggs (nits) cemented to hairs or feathers
  • life cycle about 2 ‐ 4 weeks
  • entire life cycle on the host ‐ generally short survival off of the host
  • sucking lice are usually found in groups attached to the host by their mouthparts ‐ often in protected areas
56
Q

Mallophaga

A

Chewing or Biting Lice

57
Q

Mallophaga ‐ Chewing or Biting Lice; General Characteristics, feeding habits

A
  • highly host‐specific
  • feed on skin, hair, secretions, feathers
  • wingless, flattened (dorso‐ ventrally), head as broad as or broader than the thorax
58
Q

Mallophaga ‐ Chewing or Biting Lice; Life Cycle

A

*simple metamorphosis
*eggs (nits) cemented to hairs or feathers
*life cycle about 2 ‐ 4 weeks
*entire life cycle on the host ‐ generally short survival off of the host
*chewing lice are usually active or highly active

59
Q

Lice – Epidemiology; how do populations change over time, transmission

A

*Populations often increase in winter months
*Transmission is usually via direct contact but fomites can be involved

60
Q

Lice – Control

A

*Many insecticidal products for control, spray, dips, dust bags, etc.
*Most kill only larvae and adults – re‐treatment is usually required
*May require vacating premises for short periods

Parasitology 1 (8 decks)

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