6.1flashcards
Evidence for the delocalised electron structure
- X-ray diffraction evidence for bond length
- hydrogenation less exothermic
-undergoes substitution not addition like ethene
Br and benzene
-AlCL3 used or FeBr3
-febr4- formed + Br+( electrophiles= positive charge)
-Febr4- and H+= Hbr and feBR3 to reform the catalyst
Alkylation
-haloalkane and a halogen carrier
Acylation
- Acyl chloride used
Nitration of benzene
- HNO3 + H2SO4
-H2S04=N02+ + H20
-keep below 55 degrees for nitration
Electron donating
-OH and NH2
Electron withdrawing
- N02
Phenol and bromine
- decolorisation
Phenol and nitric acid
- 2-nitrophenol or 4-nitrophenol
Phenol and NaOH
-sodium phenoxide and water
Reduction of aldehydes and ketones
- Nabr4
Hydrogen cyanide
- forms a hydroxynitrile
- two hydrogen used because intermediate if formed
Carboxylic acid naming
- and -oic acid to the name of the longest alkane chain
Carboxylic acid and metals
- salt and hydrogen gas
Carboxylic acid and carbonate
- salt,carbon dioxide and water
Carboxylic acids and bases
- salt and water
Acyl chlorides
- oH group on the Carboxylic acid is replaced by Cl
Functional group= -COCl - made by reaction with SOCL2
Acyl chloride and water
- Carboxylic acid and HCL
Acyl chloride and ammonia
-primary amide and HCL
Acyl chloride and alcohol
- ester and HCL
Acyl chloride and amines
-secondary amide and HCL
Naming Ester
- alcohol first. A is the first letter in the alphabet and add make it a alkyl group
- name the Carboxylic acid put replace -oic acid with -oate.
E.g. ethyl ethanoate
Making esters
- Alcohol and Carboxylic acid= ester and water
- acid catalyst used e.g. H2SO4
-alcohol and acid anhydrides = the R group goes to one of the Carboxylic acids forming an ester and the OH group goes to the other forming an alcohol
- from alcohol and Acyl chlorides = water and HCL
Hydrolysis
- acid hydrolysis e.g. *
+ H20= Carboxylic acid and alcohol - base hydrolysis= carboxylate salt and alcohol
