6.1.1

Question 1

Hallucinations

Answer 1

Involuntary perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli.

Question 2

Auditory Hallucinations

Answer 2

Hearing one or more voices that others do not hear.

Question 3

Experiences of Influence, Passivity or Control

Answer 3

Subjective experience that thoughts, feelings, and actions are controlled by external forces.

Question 4

Thought Insertion

Answer 4

The belief that external forces (e.g., aliens) are implanting ideas into one’s mind.

Question 5

Delusions

Answer 5

Fixed beliefs that conflict with reality, e.g., being monitored by the police or having special powers.

Question 6

Persecution Delusion

Answer 6

Belief that one is being monitored or harmed by others, such as by the police.

Question 7

Grandeur Delusion

Answer 7

Belief in one’s superiority, such as having special powers or abilities.

Question 8

Disorganised Thinking

Answer 8

Thoughts become jumbled, leading to incoherent speech or derailment of ideas.

Question 9

Derailment

Answer 9

Speech becomes difficult to follow because thoughts divert onto unrelated topics.

Question 10

Affective Flattening

Answer 10

Lack of normal range of emotions, e.g., no emotional response to a death in the family.

Question 11

Avolition

Answer 11

Inability to perform goal-directed behaviors, like cooking a meal.

Question 12

Asociality

Answer 12

Social withdrawal, avoiding social events or interactions.

Question 13

Aneja et al. (2018) Aim

Answer 13

To investigate the clinical features of very early onset schizophrenia and treatment options.

Question 14

Aneja et al. (2018) Methodology

Answer 14

Six-month analysis of a boy with schizophrenia, including observation, self-report, and medical records.

Question 15

Aneja et al. (2018) Results

Answer 15

Positive symptoms included shouting/muttering at unseen others, and negative symptoms included asociality and difficulties with self-care.

Question 16

Aneja et al. (2018) Conclusion

Answer 16

Schizophrenia is rare in children and challenging to treat, requiring a combination of drugs and therapies.

Question 17

Aneja et al. (2018) Validity

Answer 17

The detailed case history provides insight into the boy’s life, but generalization is limited.

Question 18

Aneja et al. (2018) Applications

Answer 18

Doctors can use findings to improve treatment, combining atypical antipsychotics for better results.

Question 19

Aneja et al. (2018) Reliability

Answer 19

IQ test was unreliable as it could not be retested, affecting the study’s reliability.

Question 20

Schizophrenia Diagnosis Issues

Answer 20

Symptoms must be present for at least one month, but overlap with other conditions like depression makes diagnosis difficult.

Question 21

Freeman et al. (2003) Aim

Answer 21

To investigate how neutral, non-threatening avatars provoke persecutory thoughts in people with no clinical diagnoses.

Question 22

Freeman et al. (2003) Hypothesis

Answer 22

People with higher levels of paranoia and emotional distress are more likely to experience persecutory ideation.

Question 23

Freeman et al. (2003) Methodology

Answer 23

Correlational study using questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with participants after a VR experience.

Question 24

Freeman et al. (2003) Results

Answer 24

46% of participants showed some level of persecutory ideation; VR ideation correlated with anxiety and paranoia.

Question 25

Freeman et al. (2003) Conclusion

Answer 25

Anxiety contributes to the development of persecutory ideation; VR shows promise for research and therapy.

Question 26

Freeman et al. (2003) Validity

Answer 26

Low levels of presence in the VR environment, but the study used a controlled procedure to enhance replicability.

Question 27

Freeman et al. (2003) Reliability

Answer 27

Standardized VR experience allows for replication and testing of reliability.

Question 28

Freeman et al. (2003) Subjectivity

Answer 28

Interviews rated by one observer, possibly introducing bias.

Question 29

Individual and Situational Explanations (Freeman et al.)

Answer 29

Freeman examined how persecutory ideation can be influenced both by individual factors (e.g., anxiety) and situational factors (e.g., VR environment).

Question 30

Use of Children in Psychological Research

Answer 30

Aneja et al. (2018) involved a child, so parental consent was required and assent from the child was necessary.

Question 31

Freeman et al. (2003) Applications

Answer 31

VR can be used to study and treat persecutory ideation in people with high levels of anxiety or paranoia.

Question 32

Schizophrenia Symptom Duration

Answer 32

Schizophrenia symptoms must be present for at least a month, which can sometimes lead to misdiagnosis or stigmatisation.

Question 33

Symptom Overlap in Schizophrenia

Answer 33

Hallucinations and delusions can overlap with symptoms of other mental health conditions like depression.

Question 34

Freeman et al. (2003) Ethics

Answer 34

Participants gave consent, and there was no evidence of increased anxiety following the VR experience.

Question 35

Freeman et al. (2003) Sample

Answer 35

21 mentally healthy university students and 3 administrative staff participated in the study, mean age: 26.

Question 36

Schizophrenia Cultural Differences

Answer 36

Schizophrenia may be viewed differently in cultures where mental health is less stigmatized, affecting diagnosis and treatment.

Question 37

Freeman et al. (2003) Correlation

Answer 37

Found a positive correlation between levels of paranoia and VR-induced persecutory ideation.

Question 38

Schizophrenia Diagnosis in Children

Answer 38

Diagnosis of schizophrenia in children may be more challenging due to the rarity of the condition in this age group.

Question 39

Freeman et al. (2003) Use of VR

Answer 39

VR experiences can trigger emotions in people with mental health issues, such as paranoia, which may aid diagnosis and treatment.

Question 40

Schizophrenia Drug Treatment

Answer 40

Treatment often requires combining atypical antipsychotics, as shown in Aneja et al. (2018), but may need to be tailored.

Question 41

VR Research for Schizophrenia

Answer 41

Freeman et al. (2003) suggests that VR can be a valuable tool in researching and understanding persecutory ideation.