6.1: Placenta Flashcards
How long can the embryo grow in vitro without a placenta?
13-14 days
What are the two main functions of the placenta?
- Implantation: so the pregnancy proceeds 2. Maintaining the pregnancy: (transport, endocrine, metabolism)
What is the role of the following extra-embryonic structures and from which cell mass are they all derived? A) yolk sac B) amnionC) allantoisD) chorion
Derived from the trophoblast cells: A) Provides nutrients until the placenta is ready to take over (degenerates after a few weeks) B) membrane surrounding the amniotic fluid C) waste disposal system, future umbilical cord D) forms the placenta
When does the development of the placenta start?
Embryo reaches blastocyst stage and a maternal-fetal connection must be formed to support the pregnancy
What are the two distinct cellular layers arising from the trophectoderm that form the placenta and what does this inner cell mass cells form?
- Syncytiotrophoblast2. Cytotrophoblast—> these two layers become the placenta Inner cell mass cells become the bilaminar disc: Epiblast (future ectoderm) and hypoblast (future endoderm)
What are the major differences between the syncytiotrophoblast cells and the cytotrophoblast cells?Include how one of the cell types nourishes the embryo prior to when links with maternal capillaries are made
Cytotrophoblast: layer of cells
Syncytiotrophoblast: derived from cytotrophoblasts, mesh of cell materials and one big nuclei: invades uterine epithelia and reaches uterine glands; the engulfed and degraded contents of uterine cells feed the embryo until links with maternal capillaries made
When should implantation be complete? How should the embryo looks at this point? (3 things)
By end of the second week:
- Two cavities: An amniotic cavity and a yolk sac
- Suspended by a connecting stalk; precursor of the umbilical cord, formed by mesenchymal cells and connects the amnion cavity and extracoelomic cavity
- Be within the supporting sac/chorionic cavity
What happens to the three embryonic spaces as development progresses?
- Yolk sac disappears2. Amniotic sac enlargers (fluid filled) 3. Chorionic sac is occupied by the expanding amniotic sac
Name three ways monozygotic twins can form
A blastocyst can separate in many ways to produce different numbers of chorion and amnions
- One zygote can split into two; resulting in two amnions, two chorion and separate implantation sites
- One morula can have two inner cell masses and bilaminar discs; so there are two amnions but one shared chorion
- One blastocyst has one bilaminar disc but TWO primitive streaks form, so there is a shared amnion and chorion between two fetuses
Why is implantation called ‘interstitial’?
Embryo goes through the uterine lining and into the ‘interstitial space’
Why is the human placenta haemomonochorial? Why is this an important aspect?
This means there’s only one layer of trophoblast cells separating maternal blood from the fetal capillary wall.
As the placenta develops the membrane becomes thinner for easier diffusion as needs of the fetus increase
What are the three major aims of implantation?
- Establishing a basic unit for exchange
- Anchoring the placenta
- Establishing maternal blood flow within the placenta
Explain what is occurring at each of these three stages:
- Primary villi
- Secondary villi
- Tertiary villi
- Early finger-like projections of the syncytiotrophoblast
- Invasion of mesenchyme into the villus core
- Fetal vessels invade the mesenchyme core (now the middle of the villus has proper blood supply)
How would the endometrium appear histologically as it prepares for implantation (3 things)? Which hormone is responsible for this?
Progesterone via corpus luteum
- Thicker
- Many glands (releasing nutrients for fetus) and elaboration of spiral arterial blood supply
- “Pre-decidual” cells
What is decidualisation?
What is the role of endometrial stromal cells and uterine NKC in this process?
Process of changing the endometrium to promote implantation
- Endometrial stromal cells; secrete GFs and signalling molecules
- Uterine NKCs; Regulate the immune response against the embryo (since it will express foreign proteins from dad)
Why is the remodelling of the spiral arteries important and how does it happen?
Normal smooth muscle cells and endothelial lining uterine blood vessels are signalled to undergo apoptosis and replaced by the trophoblast -> broadens the vessels -> forms
low resistance vascular bed that maintains the high flow/fast diffusion rates required to meet fetal demands