6.1 (Pgs. 367-374)

Question 1

Ecumene

Answer 1

The permanently inhabited portion of the earth’s surface.

Question 2

Rural

Answer 2

Areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people.

Question 3

Urban

Answer 3

Areas (cities) with high concentrations of people.

Question 4

Suburbs

Answer 4

Areas that are primarily residential areas near cities.

Question 5

Settlement

Answer 5

A place with a permanent human population.

Question 6

^ Factors driving urbanization

Answer 6

• The presence of an agricultural surplus
• The rise of social stratification and a leadership class or urban elite
• The beginning of job specialization

Question 7

Urbanization

Answer 7

The process of developing towns and cities.

Question 8

Percent Urban

Answer 8

An indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to those that live in rural areas.

Question 9

Site

Answer 9

Describes the characteristics at the immediate location.

Question 10

Situation

Answer 10

Refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places.

Question 11

City-state

Answer 11

Consisted of an urban center and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages. Had its own political system and functioned independently from other city-states.

Question 12

^ Urban hearth (historical examples)

Answer 12

Area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus:
- The Tigris-Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia) in modern Iraq
- The Nile River Valley and Nile Delta in modern Egypt
- The Indus River Valley in modern Pakistan
- The Huang-He floodplain in modern China

Question 13

Urban area

Answer 13

Defined as a central city plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and includes the surrounding suburb.

Question 14

City

Answer 14

A higher-density area with territory inside officially recognized political boundaries.

Question 15

Metropolitan Area (metro area)

Answer 15

A collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population density is high and continuous.

Question 16

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

Answer 16

Another way to define a city. Consists of a city of at least 50,000 people, the country in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core.

Question 17

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Answer 17

Cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the country in which they are located, and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration.

Question 18

Nodal region

Answer 18

Focal point in a matrix of connections.

Question 19

Morphology

Answer 19

Physical characteristics, such as buildings, streets, public places, and homes.

Question 20

^ Population characteristics of cities (3)

Answer 20

• The built-up area is where the landscape has a high concentration of people and structures
• The places where built-up areas begin to give way to open spaces and underdeveloped areas are the outskirts of the city
• This end of the continuously built-up area is often considered an urban border, whether or not it coincides with a legally defined city boundary.

Question 21

Time-space compression

Answer 21

How the relationship of places changes due to improvements in transportation.

Question 22

^ Borchert’s Transportation Model (chart)

Answer 22

Describes urban growth based on transportation technology,
Sail-Wagon (1790-1830): Water ports became very important. Poor road conditions made long-distance travel between cities difficult.
Iron Horse (1830-1870): Steam engines powered boats, which promoted the growth of river cities. Regional rail networks connected cities. Rail lines connected resources and industrial sites.
Steel Rail (1870-1920): Transcontinental railways emerged. Cities emerged along rail lines in the interior of continents.
Auto-Air-Amenity (1920-1970): Cars allowed cities to spread out. Airport hubs emerged. Cities became far more interconnected.

Question 23

^ Transportation impacts on cities

Answer 23

Allowed for city size to increase as people could move farther from the center and its concentration of services and jobs. Using cars and highways facilitated movement. Major cities that want to grow economically must have access to multiple modes of national and international transportation, as well as trade networks with air travel becoming increasingly important.

Question 24

Pedestrian Cities

Answer 24

Cities shaped by the distances people could walk.

Question 25

Streetcar suburbs

Answer 25

Communities that grew up along rail lines. Often create a pinwheel-shaped city.

Question 26

^ Communications impacts on cities

Answer 26

Communication networks are essential to attract large corporations, factories, or high-tech companies to an urban area in order to encourage further economic growth.

Question 27

^ Population and migration impacts on cities

Answer 27

Population growth pressure, cultural tension, environmental strain, and lack of economic opportunities create push factors in agricultural communities. Cities promise the hope of economic opportunities and cultural freedoms. Rapid growth from migration has stretched resources and created challenges for cities, such as substandard housing, overcrowding, and stressed infrastructure (transportation, sanitation, and water systems).

Question 28

^ Economic Development and government policies impact on cities.

Answer 28

Economic and political leaders develop policies to guide and encourage the growth of cities. Local policies that created economic incentives, such as low-cost loans, lower taxes, or cheap available land, were used to encourage economic development.