6.1 Anatomy of Breathing **

Question 1

pathway of respiration through respiratory tract

Answer 1

inhalation → external nares of the nose → nasal cavity → vibrissae → pharynx → larynx → trachea → lungs → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli → capillaries → gas exchange → expiration

Question 2

nose and mouth

Answer 2

• remove dirt and particulate matter from the air
• warming and humidifying air before the lungs

Question 3

thoracic cavity

Answer 3

location of the lungs and heart

chest wall forms the outside of the thoracic cavity

Question 4

external nares

Answer 4

(nostrils)

Question 5

vibrissae

Answer 5

nasal hairs and mucous membranes which filer air in the nose

Question 6

pharynx

Answer 6

• resides behind the nasal cavity and at the back of the mouth
• pathway for both food → esophagus and air → lungs

Question 7

larynx (glottis)

Answer 7

• located below the pharynx
• pathway for only air
• contains 2 vocal cords

Question 8

epiglottis

Answer 8

• covers opening of the glottis (larynx) during swallowing
  
  • prevents food from entering airway

Question 9

vocal cords

Answer 9

• located in the larynx
• maneuvered by using skeletal muscle and cartilage

Question 10

trachea (wind pipe)

Answer 10

protected by cartilaginous rings

Question 11

ciliated epithelial cells

Answer 11

• found in both the trachea and bronchi
• catch material that has made it passed the mucous membranes in the nose and mouth

Question 12

lungs

***include an image of Figure 6.1

Answer 12

right lung:
upper lobe
horizontal fissure
middle lobe
oblique fissure
lower lobe

left lung:
upper lobe
oblique fissure
lower lobe

Question 13

bronchi

Answer 13

right bronchus and left bronchus

Question 14

bronchioles

Answer 14

divide into alveoli

Question 15

alveoli

Answer 15

• location of gas exchange
  
  • tiny, balloon-like sacs
  • coated by surfactant
• surrounded by a network of capillaries
• large SA: approximately 100 m²

Question 16

surfactant

Answer 16

• located on alveoli
• a detergent which lowers surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing on itself

Question 17

pleurae

Answer 17

• membrane which surrounds each lung
  
  • forms a closed sac which the lungs expand against

Question 18

visceral pleura

Answer 18

inner surface membrane

Question 19

parietal pleura

Answer 19

outer surface membrane

Question 20

intrapleural space

Answer 20

the space between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Question 21

diaphragm

Answer 21

• a thin, muscular structure which divides the thoracic cavity from the the abdominal cavity
• under somatic control

Question 22

external intercostal muscles

Question 23

intrathoracic breathing

Question 24

negative-pressure breathing

Question 25

internal intercostal muscles

Question 26

pulmonary arteries

Question 27

pulmonary veins