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BIOLOGY - CHAPTER 6: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM* > 1.2 Eukaryotic Cells**** > Flashcards

1.2 Eukaryotic Cells**** Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotic cells vs prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic Cells:
• unicellular or multicellular
• contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane

Prokaryotic Cells:
• unicellular
• no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

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2
Q

Figure 1.1 Eukaryotic Cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • centrioles
  • endocytic vesicles

insert image of figure 1.1 on page 5

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3
Q

hand draw a eukaryotic cell with constituting organelles and structures

A

take a picture of the drawing and insert here

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosome
  • centrioles
  • endocytic vesicles
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4
Q

organelles

A
  • most eukaryotic organelles are membrane-bound → compartmentalization of functions
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5
Q

cytoplasm vs cytosol

A
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6
Q

mitosis

A

eukaryotic reproduction which forms 2 identical daughter cells

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7
Q

nucleus

A
  • control center of the cell
  • contains all of the genetic material necessary for cellular replication
  • location of DNA → compartmentalized transcription
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8
Q

nuclear membrane/envelope

A

double membrane which maintains a separate and distinct nuclear environment from the cytoplasm

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9
Q

nuclear pores

A

allows for selective two-way exchange of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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10
Q

nucleolus

A
  • subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
  • 25% of the volume of the nucleus
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11
Q

genes

A

coding regions of DNA

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12
Q

histones

A

organizing proteins around which linear DNA is wound

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13
Q

chromosomes

A

linear strands of DNA

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14
Q

mitochondria

A
  • powerplants of the cell → metabolic functions
  • can induce apoptosis via release of enzymes from electron transport chain
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15
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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16
Q

mitochondrial structure

A
  • Outer membrane: barrier between cytosol and inner environment
  • Inner membrane: contains cristae with molecules and enzymes necessary for electron transport chain
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17
Q

cristae

A

highly convoluted structures with numerous infoldings which increase the SA available for electron transport

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18
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A
  • the space inside the inner membrane
    • protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space  establishes the proton-motive force
      • These protons flow through ATP synthase to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
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19
Q

intermembrane space

A

the space between the outer and inner membranes

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20
Q

Figure 1.2 Mitochondrial Structure

A

insert image from page 7

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21
Q

mitochondria cont…

A
  • semi-autonomous → contain own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission
    • example of cytoplasmic (extranuclear) inheritance
      • thought to have evolved from anaerobic prokaryote engulfing an aerobic prokaryote and establishing a symbiotic relationship
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22
Q

cytoplasmic (extranuclear) inheritance

A

transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

23
Q

serial endosymbiosis theory

A
  • organelles formed by one prokaryote engulfing another and the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between the two
    • tries to explain the formation of some membrane-bound organelles
      • in addition to mitochondria → chloroplasts and organelles of motility (flagella)
24
Q

lysosomes

A
  • membrane-bound structures which contain hydrolytic enzymes
    • capable of breaking down different substrates such as substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products
  • *the lysosomal membrane sequesters these enzymes from self-damage to the cell
    • however, can induce autolysis (apoptosis)
25
Q

autolysis

A

lysosomal release of hydrolytic enzymes which degrade celllar components and cause cell death

26
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A
  • a series of interconnected double membranes which are contiguous with the nuclear envelope
    • the membrane folds into a complex structure of numerous invaginations with a central lumen
  • transfers cellular materials to the Golgi apparatus via vesicles
  • 2 types: RER and SER
27
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

contains ribosomes → translation of proteins which are secreted into the lumen of the RER

28
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • lipid synthesis (i.e. phospholipids for cell membrane)
  • detoxification of drugs and poisons
  • transports proteins from the RER into the Golgi apparatus

*lacks ribosomes

29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • made up of stacked membrane-bound sacs
  • functions:
    • receives vesicles containing cellular materials from the ER
      • modify and sort cellular materials
      • addition of various groups (carbohydrates, phosphates, and sulfates)
      • introduce signal sequences with instructions for delivery
      • repackage materials into vesicles for delivery to specific cellular locations (lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secretion)
        • if product is destined for secretion → exocytosis: secretory vesicle merges with cell membrane and is released
30
Q

Figure 1.3 Relationship between lysosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus, cell memebrane and secretion (exocytosis)

A

insert image from page 8

31
Q

Key Concept

A

insert image of key concept from page 8

*not all cells have the same relative distribution of organelles → determined by function

32
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • membrane-bound organelle containing hydrogen peroxide
    • breakdown very long fatty acid chains via ß-oxidation
    • synthesis of phospholipids
    • contain enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway
33
Q

the cytoskeleton

A
  • maintains the cell’s structure and shape
  • provides a conduit for the transport of materials around the cell
  • comprised of:
    • microfilaments
    • microtubules
    • intermediate filaments
34
Q

Figure 1.4 Components of the Cytoskeleton

A

insert figure 1.4

35
Q

microfilaments

A
  • made of solid polymerized rods of actin
  • resistant to compression and fracture
  • uses ATP and mysosin to generate force for movement (muscle contraction)
  • during cytokinesis → microfilaments form the cleavage furrow → actin contracts and ring (cleavage furrow) pinches off
36
Q

microtubules

A
  • made of hollow polymers of tubulin proteins
    • provide primary pathways for motor proteins kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
37
Q

microtubules continued…

A
  • microtubules make up motile structures such as cilia and flagella
    • cilia and flagella share the same structure:
      • 9 + 2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules forming an outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center
        • only seen in eukaryotic organelles of motility (bacteria have different structures)
38
Q

Figure 1.5 Cilia and Flagella 9 + 2 Structure

A

insert image

39
Q

microtubules continued….

A
  • microtubules make up centrioles (found at the centrosome of a cell)
    • 9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center
      • during mitosis → centrioles migrate to opposite poles → organize the mitotic spindle → microtubules project from centrioles → attach to kinetochores → pull apart sister chromatids
40
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • made of diverse group of filamentous proteins (keratin, desmin, vimentins, and lamins)
    • specific to type of cell and tissue type
  • involved in cell-cell adhesion and overall integrity of cytoskeleton
  • help anchor other organelles (nucleus)
  • able to withstand a lot of tension → rigid
41
Q

4 tissue types

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
42
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • cover the body and line its cavities
  • protect against pathogen invasion and desiccation
  • absorption, secretion and sensation
43
Q

basement membrane

A

underlying layer of connective tissue which keeps epithelial cells tightly joined to each other

44
Q

parenchyma

A
  • epithelial cells typically make up the parenchyma
    • the functional part of an organ
      • example: nephrons in kidneys, hepatocytes in liver, and parietal cells in stomach

*epithelial cells are highly diverse and serve numerous functions depending on which organ they are found i n

45
Q

epithelial cells continued….

A
  • epithelial cells are often polarized:
    • one side faces a lumen (hollow inside of an organ or tube) or the outside world
    • other side interacts with underlying blood vessels and structural cells
      • ex: small intestine → one side absorbs nutrients in the lumen and the other is involved in releasing those nutrients into circulation
46
Q

connective tissue

A
  • supports the body
  • provides a framework for epithelial cells to carry out their functions

example: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissues and blood

47
Q

stroma

A
  • the supportive structure of a biological cell, tissue, or organ
    • in contrast, the parenchyma is the functional aspect of a tissue

*connective tissues are the main contributors to the stroma

48
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • large network of proteins and other molecules that surround, support, and give structure to cells and tissues in the body

*most cells in connective tissues produce and secrete materials such as collagen and elastin to from the extracellular matrix

49
Q

1.2 Concept Check (#1)

insert image

A

nucleus: stores genetic information and is the site of transcription

mitochondria: involved in ATP synthesis and apoptosis

lysosomes: break down molecules ingested via endocytosis and cellular waste products; also induce autolysis (apoptosis)

rough endoplasmic reticulum: synthesizes proteins for secretion

smooth endoplasmic reticulum: lipid synthesis (i.e. phospholipids for cell membrane), detoxification of drugs and poisons, transports proteins from the RER into the Golgi apparatus

Golgi apparatus: packages, modifies and transports cellular products

peroxisomes: breakdown very long fatty acid chains via ß-oxidation, synthesis of phospholipids, contain enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway

50
Q

1.2 Concept Check (#2)

A

if someone had an enzyme deficiency which prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide → peroxisomes would not be able to break down very long fatty acid chains → fatty acids would accumulate in peroxisomes → oversized peroxisomes would displace other cellular contents → cell death

51
Q

1.2 Concept Check (#3)

A

microfilaments: actin

microtubules: tubulin

intermediate filaments: vary by cell type (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins)

52
Q

1.2 Concept Check (#4)

A
  • flagella structure: 9 + 2 structure: 9 doublets of microtubules forming an outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center
    • only seen in eukaryotic organelles of motility (bacteria have different structures)
  • microtubule structure: 9 triplets of microtubules with a hollow center
53
Q

1.2 Concept Check (#5)

A
  • fibroblasts: connective tissue
  • endothelial cells: epithelial cells
  • α-cells: epithelial cells
  • osteoblasts: connective tissue
  • chondroblasts: connective tissue

BIOLOGY - CHAPTER 6: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM* (5 decks)

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