6.1-7.4

Question 1

Out-of-band management

Answer 1

allows you to use a dedicated communication channel that separates management traffic from normal network traffic. Network switches and routers allow you to use console redirection to access the device’s console through a built-in serial or USB port.

Question 2

Port Mirroring

Answer 2

A monitoring technique , also known as SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer), is a method of monitoring network traffic. when this is enabled, the switch sends a copy of all network packets seen on one port (or an entire VLAN) to another port, where the packet can be analyzed.i

Question 3

VLAN is

Answer 3

an logically group several different computers together, or logically separate computers, without regard to their physical location.

Question 4

A broadcast domain is

Answer 4

a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.

Question 5

Trunking*

Answer 5

is a communications line or link designed to carry multiple signals simultaneously to provide network access between two points

Question 6

Tagging ports

Answer 6

VLAN tagging is a method through which more than one VLAN is handled on a port. VLAN tagging is used to tell which packet belongs to which VLAN on the other side.

Question 7

Untagging ports

Answer 7

When a port is set to access it means that the port is part of the VLAN MAC table but all frames are sent untagged. When frames from that VLAN are sent over a trunk they get a tag added with 802.1q framing

Question 8

Change the native VLAN

Answer 8

Where you change the native VLAN to something other than the default VLAN of 1. This is done for security purposes to avoid a VLAN hopping attack.Also avoid having production ports in the default VLAN 1 and move all unused ports from VLAN 1 to any other VLAN that is not used for anything else.

Question 9

Protocol Data Units

Answer 9

represents a unit of data specified in the protocol of a given layer, which consists of protocol control information and user data

Question 10

Switching loops/spanning tree is

Answer 10

a network protocol that builds a loop-free logical topology for Ethernet networks. The basic function is to prevent bridge loops and the broadcast radiation that results from them.

Question 11

MAC Address table

Answer 11

is used on Ethernet switches to determine where to forward traffic on a LAN

Question 12

A Bad port is

Answer 12

a faulty or bad interface on a switch. To fix the problem, you need to return the switch back to the supplier and get a replacement. However, if you have plenty of ports on the switch, you can configured the port using ‘description ** Bad Port **’, and then insert a RJ45 single connector into the bad port to occupy the port.

Question 13

Duplex/speed mismatch

Answer 13

occurs when two devices use different duplex settings. In this case, one device tries to transmit using full duplex, while the other expects half duplex communications. By default, devices are configured to use auto-negotiation to detect the correct duplex setting to use. If a duplex method cannot be agreed upon, devices default to half duplex.

Question 14

Hop Count

Answer 14

The distance between networks can be measured in hop counts, or the number times a router forwards an IP packet from one network to another. For a directly connected link, the hop count will be zero.

Question 15

Bandwidth

Answer 15

measures the capacity of a link. If bandwidth is a factor in the cost, a link with a lower capacity link will have a higher cost than a link with a high bandwidth link.

Question 16

Throughput

Answer 16

Although the advertised bandwidth is the maximum capacity of a link, its actual throughput will be less due to latency and other network overhead. If used in the cost calculation, larger throughput will contribute to a lower cost.

Question 17

Link utilization

Answer 17

is the percentage of a network’s bandwidth that is currently being consumed by network traffic. If used, the cost will be less for links with low utilization.

Question 18

Load

Answer 18

refers to the amount of computational work that it performs. If is a factor in the cost, links for routers that are performing under heavy load will have a higher cost.

Question 19

The maximum transmission unit (MTU)

Answer 19

setting on a router determines the maximum payload size for a frame. While this characteristic is not usually included in a metric, it is sometimes used as a tie-breaker when two links or paths have the same cost.

Question 20

Packet Loss

Answer 20

occurs when IP packets fail to reach their destination. If it is used in calculating cost, a link that experiences greater packet

Question 21

Latency

Answer 21

is the delay in transmissions over the path. If latency is used in the cost, a path with higher latency will have a higher cost.

Question 22

Reliability

Answer 22

is measured by how often the path is down. If it is used in cost calculations, a highly reliable path will have a lower cost.

Question 23

The default route

Answer 23

is an entry of 0.0.0.0 in a routing table. This entry matches every network. If no other entry in the routing table matches the destination IP address in a packet,

Question 24

Static

Answer 24

entries are manually added to the routing table. A route entry of 0.0.0.0 identifies the default entry or default route

Question 25

Dynamic routing is ***

Answer 25

an addressing method that senses changes in the network topology and responds accordingly without administrator involvement.

Question 26

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Answer 26

Uses hop count as the metric.
Network size is limited to a maximum of 15 hops between any two networks. A network with a hop count of 16 indicates an unreachable network.

Question 27

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Answer 27

is a classless protocol.
uses a composite number for the metric, which indicates bandwidth and delay for a link. The higher the bandwidth, the lower the metric.

best suited for medium to large private networks.

Question 28

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Answer 28

Type: IGP Category: Link State
is a link state routing protocol used for routing within an AS. uses relative link cost for the metric. is a classless protocol. divides a large network into areas.

Question 29

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Answer 29

Type; EGP Category: Hybrid
is an advanced distance vector protocol (also called a path vector protocol) , is an exterior gateway protocol (EGP) used for routing between autonomous systems.

Question 30

virtual IP

Answer 30

is an IP address that doesn’t correspond to an actual physical network interface. Use include network address translation (especially, one-to-many NAT), fault-tolerance, and mobility.

Question 31

Latency is

Answer 31

the amount of time a message takes to traverse a system. In a computer network, it is an expression of how much time it takes for a packet of data to get from one designated point to another.