5.1 Flashcards by Raymond Sylverne

Network Address is the

first address in an address range is used to identify the network itself.

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Broadcast Address is the

last address in the range is the broadcast address, and it is used to send messages to all hosts on the network.

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Class A Address Range? Subnet Mask?

Address Range: 1–126;

1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255

Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

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Class B Address Range? Subnet Mask?

Address Range:128–191 ;

128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0;

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Class C Address Range? Subnet Mask?

Address Range:192–223;

192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

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Class D Address Range?

Address Range:224–239

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Class E Address Range?

Address Range: 240–255

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Classless addressing is made possible using

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).

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CIDR allows you to use part of an octet for the network address. This is called

partial subnetting, or variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).

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Static addressing is best used in the following situations:

On networks with a very small number of hosts.

Host that require a permanent address

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If the DHCP Server is on a different subnet than the client, then the DHCP requests sent by the client will not reach the server unless

DHCP Relay Agent Has been setup

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Record types - A, AAA

maps an IPv6 (128-bit) DNS hostname to an IP address.

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SPF and DKIM records are quick

methods for improving your email delivery rates

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An SRV record is used to (2)

locate a particular host that provides a particular service
SRV records are created automatically by Windows as needed.

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The MX (Mail Exchanger) record identifies

servers that can be used to deliver email.

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The CNAME (Canonical Name) record provides alternate

names to hosts that already have a host record.

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The NS (Name Server) resource record identifies all

name servers that can perform name resolution for the zone.

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A PTR record maps

an IP address to a hostname (in this way, it points to an A record).

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When you Dual Stack the router will also need to be configured to run

both protocols, so that IPv4 messages are forwarded to the IPv4 server and IPv6 messages are forwarded to the IPv6 server.

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Tunneling

To move IPv6 packets through the IPv4 network, they are encapsulated (or ‘wrapped’) within IPv4 packets that can be transferred through the IPv4 network.

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IntraSite Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) is used within

a private network to connect an IPv6 network to an IPv4 network

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The ISATAP router is a

dual stack router running both IPv4 and IPv6.

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The ISATAP router takes IPv4 packets and

converts them into IPv6 packets to be sent to the IPv6 network.

The ISATAP router would not be used between sites separated by the internet because it is

designed only for intra-site implementations (meaning within a single site).

Teredo tunneling is used to send

- IPv6 packets from one host to another through an IPv4 network. - Teredo is a host-to-host tunneling protocol.

In Teredo Tunneling the sending host performs

the encapsulation on one end, while the receiving host performs the de-encapsulation on the other en

6to4 Tunneling can be used between sites.

Connecting one Network to another Network

6to4 Tunneling requires a router that sits

on the edge of the internet at each location, and the router is a dual stack router that can run IPv4 and IPv6.

Neighbor Discovery (ND) is used by a host to: (3)

Resolve the link-layer address of a neighboring host to which an IPv6 packet is being forwarded. - Determine when the link-layer address of a neighboring host has changed. - Determine whether a neighbor is still reachable.

Neighbor Discovery (ND) is used by routers to do the following: (2)

- Advertise their presence -Inform hosts of a better next - hop address to forward packets for a specific destination.

Internet Protocol Address Management or IPAM allows you to (3)

Plan, Track, and Manage IP addresses using integrated DHCP and DNS information.

Link-local addresses facts (3)

- Are only valid on the current subnet. - They use an FE80::/10 prefix and include any address - All IPv6 hosts must have at least one link-local address, although each interface can have multiple addresses.

Link-local addresses are used for (3)

- Automatic address configuration - Neighbor discovery - Subnets that have no routers.

Link-local addresses are

-Non-routable. Routers don't forward packets to link-local addresses on other subnets.

IPv6 defines three types of unicast addresses that can be assigned to a network host:

link-local unique local global unicast

Unique local addresses facts are

private addresses used for communication within a site or between a limited number of sites

Unique local addressing is used for

network communications that don't cross a public network; they're the equivalent of private addressing in IPv4.

Because unique local addresses aren't registered with IANA,

they can't be used on a public network (such as the internet) without address translation.

Unique local addresses have a prefix that begins with

FC or FD. Exp: FC00::/7

Global unicast addresses is made up of

all IPv6 addresses that haven't been specifically reserved for other purposes

The global unicast addressing scheme allows you to define how many IPv6 subnets.

216 IPv6 subnets

All subnet addresses within the same organization must begin with the same global routing prefix but

are uniquely identified using a different value in the subnet field.

Packets sent to a multicast address are

sent to all interfaces identified by that address.

Multicast addresses are the equivalent of the

IPv4 subnet broadcast address

By using a different multicast address for different functions,

devices that have no need to participate in the function ignore the multicast.

The local loopback address for a host is

0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1

Using stateless autoconfiguration, IPv6 hosts automatically generate the interface ID and learn the subnet prefix and default gateway through the

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) uses two messages for auto-configuration:

Router solicitation (RS) and Router advertisement (RA).

Router Solicitation (RS) is a message sent

by the client to request that routers respond.

Router Advertisement (RA) is a message sent

by the router periodically and in response to Router Solicitation messages to inform clients of the IPv6 subnet prefix and the default gateway address.

DHCPv6 operates in one of two different modes:

stateful and stateless

In stateful DHCPv6, the DHCP server provides each client with the (3)

- IP address - Default gateway - Other IP configuration information (such as the DNS server IP address).

In stateful DHCPv6 The DHCP server tracks the status

OR STATE of the client.

MulitCasting is typically used for

streaming video and audio applications such as video conferencing

In stateless DHCPv6, the DHCP server does NOT provide the client with

an IP address or track each client's status.