Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

WSET Level 3 Notes > 6 - Vineyard Management > Flashcards

6 - Vineyard Management Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 1 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Wine flashcards WSET ® Level 2 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 1 Spirits flashcards WSET ® Level 3 Spirits flashcards WSET® Level 4 Wine flashcards
1
Q

Describe 3 considerations that affect site selection

A
  1. Environmental Considerations
  2. Business Considerations
  3. Grape Varietal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give 3 reasons why environmental conditions are important.

A

The data collected about the environmental conditions will determine:

The grape variety that can be grown.
The optimal planting density that can be determined.
The appropriate training and trellising system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What business considerations need attention in site selection?

A

Proximity to infrastructure
Labour Availability
Machinery Accessibility
Land Cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is grape varietal selection important?

A

It must be in demand
It must meet legal requirements.
It must suit the climatic conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are new plantings given the best chance of survival?

A

Vegetative Clearing
Fertilisation
Plastic Sleeves (protect against animals)
Irrigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ultimate goal with vineyard management?

A

To maximise production of fruit at the desired quality as economically as possible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is vine training?

A

Vine training refers to the shape of the permanent wood on a vine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 2 vine training systems.

A
  1. Head Training.

2. Cordon Training.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe a head trained vine.

A

Little permanent wood

Consists of either a trunk or a trunk with a small number of short arms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe a cordon trained vine.

A

A trunk with 1 or more permanent arms/cordons.

Can consist of more arms (nutrient rich soils and heavy rainfall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give one disadvantage and one advantage of cordon trained vines.

A

Advantage: Better for machine harvesting.
Disadvantage: Longer to establish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why would a vine be high trained?

Why would a vine be low trained?

A

High: To avoid frost damage
Low: To allow it to benefit from the heat of the soil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is vine pruning?

A

Pruning is the removal of unwanted leaves, canes and permanent wood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is pruning performed?

A
  1. It shapes and limits vine size.

2. It determines the number and location of buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 2 pruning systems?

A

Spur Pruning

Replacement Cane Pruning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe spur pruning.

A

1 year old wood, cut to 2-3 buds distributed along a cordon or on top of a trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe replacement cane pruning.

A

Cane = Long section of 1 year old wood holding 8-20 buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Guyot Training?

A

Head trained, replacement cane pruned vines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the purpose of summer pruning?

A
  1. Targets the canopy to restrict vegetative growth.
  2. Encourages ripening by diverting sugar production to grapes.
  3. Leaf stripping exposes grape bunches to sunlight for ripening.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the cost consideration with replacement cane pruning?

A

It’s more complex, requiring skilled labour to choose suitable canes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a bobelet system?

A

Head trained,
Spur pruned
Untrellised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the canopy?

A

The canopy is composed of all the green parts of the plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a trellis and why is it used?

A

A trellis is a permanent structure of stakes and wires.

A trellis is used to support replacement canes and a vines annual growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe an untrellised vine.

A

An untrellised vine is one where the shoots are unsupported and hang toward the ground. They are typically head trained and spur pruned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What climates best suit untrellised vines? Provide 2 vineyard areas where this system is used.

A

Warm, dry sunny regions.
Southern Rhone.
Barossa Valley, Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the advantage of an untrellised system?

A

The shade it provides protects the grapes from extreme sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of untrellised vines?

A

The lack of airflow can promote or encourage disease.

The shade provided can impede ripening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Are untrellised vines hand or machine harvested?

A

Hand harvested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe a trellised vineyard

A

A line of posts joined by wire, to which canes and shoots are afixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give 3 reasons why a trellised system might be used

A
  1. Young shoot arrangement can control exposure.
  2. An open canopy provides for air circulation
  3. It aids in the mechanisation of harvest by positioning the leaves and grapes at specific heights.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is VSP?

A

VSP is a trellising technique in which the vines shoots are trained vertically and tied to the trellis forming a single narrow canopy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the advantage of VSP

A

The canopy is open, aerated and shade free.

Avoids disease. promotes ripening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What adaptation can be used in VSP to limit exposiure.

A

The tops of the vines can be allowed to grow out and flop down, providing exposure protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define vine/vineyard density? The unit of measure and the usual range of density.

A

The numeber of vines planted per unit area.
Typically expressed as vines/hectare.
1,000-10,000 vines/hectare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What level of density best suits areas with limited water supply, and why?

A

Low density.

Allows absorption of nutrients and water from a large area without competition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What level of planting density is best suited to areas with limited nutrients and sufficient rainfall. And why?

A

High density.

Promotes competition between vines, restricting vegetative growth.

Best practise with this density level is to check bud numbers after winter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What density system is most widely used in Europe?

A

High density with strict bud control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What level of planting density is best suited to areas with high nutrient levels and sufficient rainfall.

Where can this be used?

And the advantage of it?

A

Low density with multiple cordons/canes.

Fertile New World Areas

Good quality wines at high yields.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is vine yield?

The unit its measured in?

A

Measure of the amount of grapes produced.

Tonnes/hectare
Hectolitres/Hectare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Explain why yields need to be managed?

A

Legal requirements.
Contractual obligations
Managing winery tank space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How are yields estimated?

A

Number of buds on the vine after winter pruning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What factors can affect vine yields?

A

Frosts

Poor Fruit Set

Insects and Pests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is green harvesting?

A

Green harvesting is the removal of immature grapes shortly after veraison to limit yields.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Why is green harvesting risky?

A

If badly timed, the vine will compensate by growing bigger grapes, diluting flavours and producing the same yield as originally projected anyway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Why is pest and disease management importnat?

A

It can affect quality and yield.
Leaf damage affect photosynthesis.
Some can be fatal to the vine.

46
Q

Name 4 types of pest

A
  1. Phylloxera
  2. Nematodes
  3. Birds and Mammals
  4. Insects
47
Q

What is a nematode?

A

It is a microscopic worm

48
Q

What effect does a nematode have on a vine?

A

It attacks the roots, affecting nutrient and water uptake.

It can also infect a vine with viruses.

49
Q

What is the treatment for nematode infection?

A

Soil sterilisation and the use of resistant rootstocks.

50
Q

What threat do birds and mammals pose to vines?

A

Eat grapes, affecting yield.

Damage grapes, causing infection.

51
Q

What measures can be taken to protect vines from mammals and birds?

A

Fencing and netting

52
Q

What threat do insects pose to a vine?

A

They eat the grapes and leaves, affecting yield and exposing the vine to infection.

53
Q

What measure can be taken to combat against insects.

A

Insecticides

Integrated Pest Management

54
Q

Name 2 types of fungal disease that vines can fall victim too.

A

Downy/ Powdery Mildew

Grey Rot

55
Q

In what conditions do downy/powdery mildew thrive?

A

Warm humid environments.

56
Q

What effect does downy/powdery mildew have on grapes flavour?

A

The grapes lose their fruity flavours and give a mouldy, bitter taint.

57
Q

What parts of the vine does downy/powdery mildew affect?

A

Attacks all the green parts.

58
Q

What part of the vine does grey rot affect?

A

Tends to attack the grapes.

59
Q

What conditions does grey rot thrive in?

A

Damp conditions

60
Q

What effect does grey rot have on grape character?

A

It taints the flavours and causes colour loss in reds.

61
Q

What is interesting about grey rot when it affects whites?

A

It causes noble rot in whites under the right conditions.

62
Q

What is the latin nomenclature for grey rot?

A

Botrytis Cinerea

63
Q

Name 2 methods of fungal disease prevention

A

Fungicide

Canopy Management

64
Q

How is powdery mildew treated?

A

Sulfur Based Spray

65
Q

How is downy mildew treated?

A

Bordeaux mixture, Copper based spray.

66
Q

How is fungicidal treatment normally applied.

A

By tractor, more frequently in heavy rainfall, Treatment is stopped before harvest.

67
Q

How does canopy management prevent fungal infection?

A

Dense canopy prevents evaporation causing dampness.

Open canopy allows aeration and evaporation, requiring less spraying.

68
Q

Wy are viruses detrimental to vineyards?

A

They don’t kill vines but affect yield and quality.

They are contagious and persistent.

69
Q

How do viruses spread?

A

They spread by cuttings and nematodes.

70
Q

How are viral infections treated?

A

The vine needs pulling and the soil sanitising.

71
Q

How do bacterial infections affect vineyards?

A

Many of them reduce yield and quality.

72
Q

How do bacterial infections spread?

A

Spread by infections called sharpshooters

73
Q

How are bacterial infections treated and contained?

A

It’s necessary to interrupt the sharpshooters lifecycle to limit the spread.

To eradicate a bacterial infection, it’s necessary to dig up the vine and sanitise the soil.

74
Q

Name 3 systems of viticultural practise.

A
  1. Sustainable
  2. Organic
  3. Biodynamic
75
Q

What defines sustainable agriculture?

A
  1. Restricted use of man-made chemicals
  2. Better monitoring of pest life cycles and weather to maximise spraying efficacy.
  3. Integrated pest management.
76
Q

What is integrated pest management?

A

Supporting the growth of a range of plants in the vineyard.

77
Q

What are the advantages of integrated pest management?

A

Provides a habitat for a range of predators of pests and provides nutrients to the land when tilled.

78
Q

Define organic agriculture

A

Limited number of sustainable methods and in limited quantities.

Certification is required by a regulatory body. Standards vary between bodies.

A period of conversion is usually required by all regulatory bodies.

79
Q

Define biodynamic agriculture

A

Combines organic practise with cosmology and philosophy.

Practices are adapted to coincide with the cycle of the planets, moon and stars. Homeopathic methods can also be used.

80
Q

Whose work is the practise of biodynamic agriculture based on?

A

Rudolf Steiner

Maria Thun

81
Q

How is ripeness commonly tracked in the vineyard?

A

Sugar levels determine ripeness

82
Q

What considerations come into play in the timing of harvest?

A

Weather forecast

Winery capacity

83
Q

Describe how machine harvesting takes place?

A

Vine trunk is shaken and the released berries are collected.

84
Q

What is the advantage of machine harvesting?

A

Speed (Weather/Quickly over-ripening grapes)

Allows work to take place at night.

85
Q

What are the disadvantages of machine harvesting?

A

Flat/gently sloped vineyards are required.
Robust, easily released grape varieties only.
Can’t do whole bunch picking.
Machine harvesting is not selective. Matter other than grapes are collected also.

86
Q

What are the advantages of hand harvesting?

A

It allows for specific selection (Noble Rot)
Less damage is done to the grapes.
The stems are retained for pure, clean juice when pressed.
It can be the only option available on steep slopes.

87
Q

Give 3 examples of areas where hand harvesting is required.

A

Duoro, Portugal
Mosel, Germany
N. Rhone, France.

88
Q

What is the disadvantage of hand harvesting?

A

It’s slow and more expensive than machine harvesting.

89
Q

Name the 6 stages of the vineyard cycle.

A
  1. Budburst
  2. Early Shoot and Leaf Growth
  3. Flowering and Fruit Set
  4. Veraison and Berry Ripening
  5. Harvest
  6. Winter Dormancy
90
Q

What time of year does budburst take place and at what temperature?

A

March/April N.H.
Sep/Oct S.H.

Above 10C

91
Q

What climate events can affect budburst?

A

Spring frosts.

92
Q

What happens during early shoot and leaf growth?

A

Rapid shoot and leaf growth
initially fed by rootstock carb reserves, and then later by photosynthesis.
Sufficient water and nutrients are also required.

93
Q

What time of year does early shoot and leaf growth take place.

A

Mar-May NH

Sept-Nov SH

94
Q

What time of year does flowering and fruit set take palce?

A

May-Jun NH

Nov-Dec SH

95
Q

What requirements must be met before flowering and fruit set can take place.

A

Warmth is needed for inflorescences to flower.

Little to no rain helps pollination to take place.

96
Q

What happens at fruit set

A

Flowers turn to grapes

97
Q

What is Coloure?

A

When grapes do not change colour successfully.

98
Q

What is millerandage?

A

The formation of seedless grapes that remain small.

99
Q

When and for how long does veraison and ripening take place?

A

July-Sept NH
Jan-Mar SH

6-8 weeks of grape growth (remaining green and hard)

100
Q

What colour changes take place during veraison?

A

Black grapes turn from red to purple.

White grapes turn from green to translucent to golden

101
Q

What happens between veraison and harvest?

A

Grapes swell, sugars rise, acid drops and colour and flavour compounds accumulate and tannins develop.

102
Q

What conditions are required for grapes to ripen?

A

Warm and sunny conditions are ideal. Mild water stress encourages ripening.

103
Q

When does summer pruning take place?

A

Green harvesting might happen after veraison.

104
Q

What conditions are required at harvest time?

A

Ideally it’s dry period.

Spraying will have ceased in preparation.

105
Q

What time of the year does harvest take place?

A

Sept/Oct NH

Mar/Apr SH

106
Q

What time fo the year does winter dormancy take place?

A

Dec-Mar NH

Jul-Sept SH

107
Q

What happens to the vine during winter dormancy?

A

Shoots become woody and turn to canes.
Leaves fall off.
Carbs are stored in the rootstock.

108
Q

What is earthing up and why is it done?

A

Covering the trunk in earth to protect it from winter freezing temperatures.

109
Q

Why is winter frost a threat?

A

It can kill next years buds.

110
Q

What preparation is done in the vineyard during the winter?

A

Winter pruning in preparation for the following growing season.

WSET Level 3 Notes (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions