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6. Vascular Dev- Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

vascular dev occurs by what 2 mechanisms

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

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2
Q

vasculogenesis=

A

coalescence of angioblasts

-major vessels such as the dorsal aorta and cardinal veins

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3
Q

angiogenesis=

A

vessels sprout from existing vessels

-remainder of vascular system

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4
Q

The early embryonic vascular system is a complex network. Preferential flow is related to what?

A

the development of organs which leads to enlargement of some vessels while other vessels are obliterated

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5
Q

The enlargement of vessels is by way of fusion with smaller vessels and partly by what?

A

the enlargement of individual capillary bed

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6
Q

The major arterial conduits in the early embryo are what? this is a continuation of what that arises from what?

A

dorsal aortas

-simply in continuation of the endocardial tubes- arise from aortic sac (distal most part of the trunctus arteriosus)

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7
Q

because of the changing position of the developing heart tube and pericardium, the cranial portions of the dorsal aortas come to describe what? what does this establish?

A

describe an arc on both sides of the foregut, establishing the first pair of aortic arches

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8
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches are present at some point during development? which one is only transient?

A

six pairs

5th aortic arch is transient

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9
Q

which aortic arch never forms or forms incompletely and regresses

A

5th aortic arch

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10
Q

how are the arches numbered and what do they do as they develop?

A

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

some become modified and some regress

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11
Q

all aortic arches come off of what

A

aortic sac

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12
Q

3 mm embryo:

  • first pair of arches is _____
  • second pair is just ______
  • All other arches develop from the region of the _____
  • Distally, the dorsal aortas fuse to form a ______
A

large
forming
aortic sac
single vessel

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13
Q

4 mm embryo (day 27):

  • aortic arch is largely ____. Part of it remains and becomes the ______
  • Arch 2 is ______. Remnants become the _____
  • Arch 3 is _____ and well ______
  • Arch 4 and 6 are being formed as ___ and ____ sprouts
  • Arch 6 already has a sprouting branch of the ______
A 
disappeared / Maxillary artery
regressing / Stapedial Artery
large / developed
ventral / dorsal
primitive pulmonary artery
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14
Q

10 mm embryo (day 29):

  • Arch 1 and 2 have _____
  • Arches 3, 4, 6 are quite ______
  • The _______ has been divided so that arch 6 is now continuous with the _______
  • Start to lose _____
  • The intersegmental arteries will be important in the formation of the ________
A 
disappeared
large
trunctoaortic sac / pulmonary trunk
symmetry
subclavian arteries
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15
Q

14 mm Embryo:

  • symmetrical pattern is largely ____
  • Further division of the ___ and ____
  • Arch 3 forms ____ and ____
  • Arch 4 stays on each side but becomes different strucutres: Left=, Right=?
  • The dorsal portion of the right arch 6 has _____ and the left arch 6 will become the ______
A
  • gone
  • aorta / pulmonary artery
  • common carotid artery / first part internal carotid artery
  • Left Arch 4= part of aortic arch btwn LCC and left subclavian. Right Arch 4= Proximal righ subclavian
  • disappeared / ductus arteriosus
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16
Q

14 mm Embryo continued:

  • Intersegmental arteries have migrates upward to become the _____
  • Arch 6 (Pulmonary Arch) gives off branches that grow toward the developing lung buds. The dorsal portion of the right arch 6 has disappeared and the left arch 6 will become the ______
A

subclavian arteries

ductus arteriosus

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17
Q

17 mm Embryo:

  • a portion of the vessel that was the right dorsal aorta _____
  • proximal portion persists and becomes the ____
A

disappears

right subclavian artery

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18
Q

At Birth:

  • the distal part of the left 6th arch (ductus arteriosus) normally obliterates and becomes the ____
  • the adult _____ system is now established
A

ligamentum arteriosum

aortic arch

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19
Q

aortic sac becomes what?

A

ascending aorta
aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery

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20
Q

first arches becomes what?

A

maxillary artery (portion)

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21
Q

second arches becomes what?

A

stapedial artery (portion)

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22
Q

third arches becomes what?

A

carotid arteries

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23
Q

fourth arches becomes what? (right and left)

A 
Right= proximal right subclavian artery
Left= aortic arch segment btwn left carotid and left subclavian artery
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24
Q

fifth arches becomes what?

A

transient and never well-developed

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25
Q

sixth arch (RIGHT) becomes what?

A

Proximal=Proximal right pulmonary artery

Distal=distal portion disappears

26
Q

sixth arch (LEFT) becomes what?

A

Proximal=Proximal left pulmonary artery

Distal=Ductus Arteriosus

27
Q

right dorsal aorta becomes what?

A

Portion becomes the right subclavian

28
Q

left dorsal aorta becomes what?

A

Distal aortic arch and descending aorta

29
Q

right intersegmental artery becomes what?

A

Part of right subclavian artery

30
Q

left intersegmental artery becomes what?

A

Left subclavian artery

31
Q

what is the is the major point of entry into the common atria.

A

sinus venosus

32
Q

the sinus venosus remains paired until the embryo is how long

A

4 mm

•Even after the endocardial tubes fuse

33
Q

(Sinus Venosus) In a 4 mm embryo, there what is distinguishable

A

Central (unpaired) portion,
Transverse portion
Right and left sinus horns

34
Q

Mid 4th week the sinus venosus receives blood from?

A

the right and left sinus horns.

35
Q

Mid 4th week the sinus venosus receives blood from the right and left sinus horns. Each horn receives blood from what 3 veins?

A

Vitelline vein
Umbilical vein
Common Cardinal vein

36
Q

Mid 4th week: Communication between sinus and atrium is wide open. Communication will eventually shift to the? what is this caused by? when does this occur?

A

shift to the right
•Caused by shift in blood in venous system
•Occurs at about 4-5 weeks.

37
Q

Obliteration of the right umbilical vein and left vitelline vein occurs when? what looses importance?

A

Occurs 5th week

Left sinus horn loses importance

38
Q

At week 10 the left common cardinal vein becomes obliterated. What remains?

A

All that remains of the left sinus horn is the oblique vein of the left atrium and the coronary sinus

39
Q

what enlarges the right sinus horn

A

Shunt of blood left to right enlarges right sinus horn

40
Q

Right horn and vein are the only communication between what?

A

the original sinus venosus and the atrium

41
Q

what forms the smooth walled part of the right atrium

A

Right Sinus horn

42
Q

Sinuatrial orifice (entrance to the common atrium) is flanked on each side by what?

A

valvular folds

43
Q

Sinuatrial orifice (entrance to the common atrium) is flanked on each side by valvular folds. What happens to the right and left venous valves

A
  • Superior part of the right venous valve disappears
  • Inferior part of the right venous valve becomes the valve of the inferior vena cava and the valve of the coronary sinus.
  • Left venous valve fuses with the atrial septum
44
Q

The sinus venosus at this point receives what three pairs of veins: name and describe

A
  1. Vitelline veins=Carry blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus
  2. Umbilical veins=Originate in the chorionic villi and carry oxygenated blood to the embryo
  3. Common cardinal veins=Drain the body of the embryo
45
Q

Vitelline venous system=

A
  • Enters the sinus venosus

* Gives rise to the hepatic veins

46
Q

Umbilical venous system=

A
  • Enter the sinus venosus lateral to the vitelline veins.

* Persists as the umbilical vein in the term fetus

47
Q

Cardinal venous system=

A
  • Enters the sinus venosus lateral/superior to the umbilical veins
  • Forms a large complex network of veins throughout the body.
48
Q

In the primitive heart (tube), the left and right sinus horns drain into what?

A

a central sinoatrial orifice

49
Q

10mm Embryo: what happens to the Left vitelline vein

A

disappeared

50
Q

10mm Embryo: what happens to the Right Vitelline vein

A

transforming into a structure that will eventually be the hepatic veins and all of the veins of the hepatic portal system

51
Q

10mm Embryo: what happens to the left umbilical vein

A

has joined the hepatic system.

• The left umbilical vein will persist in the fetus as the umbilical vein

52
Q

10mm Embryo: what happens to the Inferior portion of the cardinal venous system

A

gaining complexity.

•The left side and right side are migrating inward and joining

53
Q

10mm Embryo: the newly developed subcardinohepatic anastomosis was once the?

A

right umbilical vein.

54
Q

14mm Embryo: what happens to the left sinus horn

A

has separated from the right

•Will eventually become the coronary sinus.

55
Q

14mm Embryo: what happens to the right side of the subcardinal venous system

A

developing into the principle venous channels to the heart from the lower body

56
Q

17mm Embryo: The upper limbs are now drained by?

A

veins which empty into the anterior cardinal veins

57
Q

17mm Embryo: what happens to the major portions of the posterior cardinal veins

A

disappeared

•There is even greater demand on the right subcardinal vein

58
Q

24mm Embryo: what happens to the anterior cardinal veins

A

now have a channel between them (the left brachiocephalic vein).

59
Q

24mm Embryo: what will the cardinal veins do

A

will drain the entire head and upper extremities.

60
Q

24mm Embryo: what happens to the subcardinal veins

A

completely fused

•Make up a large portion of what will become the inferior vena cava

61
Q

24mm Embryo: There are now clear venous channels to what organ/gland?

A

the kidneys and adrenal glands.

62
Q

at term embryo does the the umbilical vein still persist and enter the portal vein?

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