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PATH2211 > 6 - Translation > Flashcards

6 - Translation Flashcards

1
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

How many possible codons

A

64

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3
Q

Start codon

A

AUG (methionine)

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4
Q

3 stop codons

A

UAA, UAG and UGA

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5
Q

Redundancy of the genetic code

A

a single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon

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6
Q

Unambiguous genetic code

A

each codon only encodes one amino acid

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7
Q

Open reading frame

A

One of the three possible reading frames that encode a protein

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8
Q

tRNA

A
  • An adaptor molecule (30-50 different types).
  • Matches amino acids to codons
  • Corresponding amino acid attaches to 3’ end of tRNA
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9
Q

Anticodon loop

A

Part of tRNA that base pairs with the amino acid sequence

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10
Q

Aminoacyl-tRNA

A

tRNA with amino acid attached

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11
Q

What synthesises aminoacyl-tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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12
Q

Wobble position

A
  • Not enough tRNAs for each codon so some bind to more than one
  • Pairing at 3rd position is relaxed
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13
Q

Codon-anticodon pairings allowed by wobble rules

A

G - C or U
U - A or G
I - U, C, or A

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14
Q

What is ribosome made up of

A

rRNA (2/3) and protein (1/3)

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15
Q

2 subunits of ribosome

A

60S and 40S = 80S ribosome

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16
Q

4 RNA components of ribosome

A
  • 18S, 5.8S, and 28S (made from large precursor)
  • 5S made from seperate gene
17
Q

4 stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. Amino acid activation (tRNA aminoacylated)
  2. Initiation
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
18
Q

3 binding pockets of mRNA

A
  • A: Aminoacyl
  • P: Peptidyl
  • E: Exit
19
Q

initiation of translation

A
  • Met tRNA binds to P site in small subunit
  • eIF4g recognises cap on 5’ end of mRNA
  • GTP and eIFs required
  • Complex slides along mRNA until AUG codon is recognised
20
Q

Elongation of translation

A
  1. tRNA binds to A site
  2. Peptide bond formed between tRNA with C terminal amino acid in P site
  3. Large subunit moves, leaving two tRNAs in P and E site on large (A and P on small)
  4. Small subunit moves (empty tRNA ejected from E site, empty A site)
21
Q

Termination of translation

A
  • Stop codons mark end of translation
  • Release factors binds to A site containing stop codon
  • Catalyses hydrolysis of last amino acid at P site
  • Ribosome complex dissociates
22
Q

Polyribosome

A

Many ribosomes translating one mRNA molecule simultaneously

23
Q

Nonsense mediated decay

A
  • Many stop codons in introns
  • EJCs bond to splice junctions (stripped off when mRNA exists nucleus
  • Abnormal splicing leaves extra stop codon
  • Up frameshift (Upf) proteins form bridge between upstream stop codons and downstream EJCs
  • Ribosome detects Upf complex and triggers mRNA degradation

PATH2211 (21 decks)

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