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Pre1 > 6. The Natural Environment > Flashcards

6. The Natural Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Captivity noun

A

اسارت گرفتاری
A situation in which an animal is kept in a zoo or a person is kept as a prisoner rather than being free

Many animals do not breed well in captivity

In his autobiography, Mandela describes his life during captivity.

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2
Q

Habitat
Noun countable and uncountable

A

زیستگاه، محل سکونت منطقه زیست جانور یا گیاه

The natural environment of an animal or plant

The forest is the natural habitat of many species of birds and animals.

In the future, scientists hope to create a habitat for humans on Mars

Efforts are being made to protect the habitat of endangered species

Loss of habitat
The destruction of a habitat
Provide/ create/ protect / damage/ destroy a habitat

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3
Q

Conservation noun

A

حفاظت نگهداری حفظ منابع طبیعی
The protection of nature

Wildlife/ marine / nature/ environmental conservation

conservation of the countryside

the conservation of resources through recycling

Efforts in wildlife conservation are critical to protect endangered species.

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4
Q

Poach

A

Cook
Poached eggs on toast
Poach the salmon in white wine and water.
Crime
illegally catch or shoot animals, birds, or fish, especially on private land without permission
to persuade someone who belongs to another organization, team etc to leave it and join yours, especially in a secret or dishonest way

men were arrested for trying to poach elephants for their ivory in the national park.

Despite strict laws, poachers continue to poach rare birds in the wildlife reserve

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5
Q

Endangered
Adjective

A

در معرض خطر

an endangered animal, bird or plant etc is one that may soon no longer exist because there are so few of them

The tiger is an endangered species due to habitat loss and poaching

Heritage: “The historic building is endangered and needs immediate restoration.”

Culture: “Traditional art forms are endangered as modern technology replaces ancient practices.”

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6
Q

Species
Plural species

A

گونه گونه ها
A group of animals or plants that share similar characteristics

The scientist discovered a new species of butterfly in the rainforest.

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7
Q

Extinction

A

انقراض

when a particular type of animal or plant stops existing

Many endangered species now face extinction.

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8
Q

Threaten

Past, past participle: threatened

A

تهدید کردن ترساندن

Large areas of the jungle are now threatened with destruction.

Dark clouds threatened rain

Poaching threatens the survival of the rhino.

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9
Q

Breed
Verb

past tense and past participle bred

A

Reproduce, produce young animals

تولید کردن پرورش دادن

Eagles breed during the cooler months of the year.

Poor living conditions breed violence and despair.

Hard work and dedication can breed success in any field

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10
Q

Biodiversity
Noun uncountable

A

تنوع زیستی
the variety of plants and animals in a particular place

the biodiversity of the rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is known for its rich biodiversity, hosting millions of species, including trees, insects, birds, and mammals

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11
Q

Content
Contented
Both are adjective but content is not used before a noun

A

به عنوان صفت معنی راضی خرسند و خوشنود میده

Happy and satisfied

She is content/ contented but only “a contented person.”

“Content with”
He is very content with his life.
We’ll be content with a respectable result in tomorrow’s match.

After a long day at work, she felt content sitting by the fireplace with a good book

The team was content with their performance in the competition, even if they didn’t win.

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12
Q

Grateful

A

سپاسگذار قدردان
Thankful, appreciative

(noun) gratitude ≠ ingratitude ingrate (adjective) grateful ≠ ungrateful
(adverb) gratefully

grateful for
I’m so grateful for all your help.
grateful to
I’m really grateful to you for helping me with my project.
I am very grateful to all those who took the trouble to write to me.
grateful (that)
She should be grateful that he was making things easier for her.

extremely/deeply/eternally etc grateful
I am extremely grateful for the assistance your staff have provided.
Our grateful thanks go to all who participated.

She gave me a grateful look.

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13
Q

Delighted

/dɪˈlaɪtɪd/

Is not used before a noun

A

Very happy, glad, joyful

Delighted is not used with ‘very’. You say:
I’m absolutely delighted.
✗Don’t say: I’m very delighted.

delighted to do something
Sandy will be delighted to see you.

delighted (that)
I’m delighted that we have settled the matter.

delighted with/by/at
She was delighted with her new home.
I am delighted by the result.
Her screams of delighted laughter filled the air.

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14
Q

Miserable

ˈmɪzərəbəl

A

extremely unhappy

I felt miserable all day yesterday.

I’ve been so miserable since Pat left me.

I spent the weekend feeling miserable.

Jan looks really miserable.

Why do you make yourself miserable by taking on too much work?

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15
Q

Discontented adj

Discontent is a noun

A

Unhappy or not satisfied
ناراضی

discontented with
She became increasingly discontented with her work.

Discontented workers joined the protests.

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16
Q

Fed up
Adjective

A

informal annoyed or bored, and wanting something to change

She felt tired and a bit fed up.

fed up with
I’m really fed up with this constant rain.
Anna got fed up with waiting.

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17
Q

Depressed
Adjective

A

When you are miserable over a long period of time

She felt lonely and depressed.

depressed about
Don’t get depressed about it.
The divorce left him deeply depressed.

Feel ,get/become , look/sound depressed

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18
Q

Confused

A

(noun) confusion
(adjective) confused confusing
(verb) confuse
(adverb) confusedly confusingly

I’m totally confused. Could you explain that again?

confused about
If you’re confused about anything, phone me.
All the roads looked the same and he felt thoroughly confused.

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19
Q

Inspired

A

Stimulated to do sth positive or creative

I felt inspired after the concert I’ve decided to take piano lessons

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20
Q

Upset

A

(noun) upset
(adjective) upset upsetting
(verb) upset

Using upset Before a noun is less common, but possible

upset by/about/at etc

The argument I had with Gloria the other night really upset me

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21
Q

Enthusiastic

A

(noun) enthusiasm enthusiast
(adjective) enthusiastic ≠ unenthusiastic (verb) enthuse
(adverb) enthusiastically ≠ unenthusiastically

مشتاق، اسم اشتیاق فعل مجذوب کردن

enthusiastic about (doing) something
All the staff are enthusiastic about the project.

be/feel - seem/ appear - sound- look - enthusiastic

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22
Q

Frustrated

A

feeling annoyed, upset, and impatient, because you cannot control or change a situation

He gets frustrated when people don’t understand what he’s trying to say.

frustrated with/at
She had become increasingly frustrated with her life.

sexually frustrated

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23
Q

Thrilled

adjective [not before noun]

A

هیجان زده
very excited, happy, and pleased

be thrilled to see/hear/learn etc something
We were so thrilled to hear about the baby.
thrilled (that)
I’m absolutely thrilled that you are coming.
thrilled about
He was thrilled about being asked to play.

24
Q

Nervous

A

عصبی عصبانی
(noun) nerve nerves nervousness (adjective) nervous nerveless nerve-racking nervy unnerving
(verb) nerve unnerve
(adverb) nervously
Nerve عصب رشته عصبی
Nerve verb قوت قلب دادن نیرو بخشیدن

nervous about something
She was so nervous about her exams that she couldn’t sleep.
I wish you’d stop looking at me like that. You’re making me nervous.

feel/get nervous
Paul always gets nervous whenever he has to give a presentation.

nervous smile/laugh/look/glance
‘Don’t be silly, ’ she said with a nervous laugh.
nervous of somebody
We were all a bit nervous of him at first

25
Q

Anxious

A

دلواپس

anxious about something
He was a bit anxious about the safety of the machinery.
anxious for someone
We were anxious for you.
anxious (that)
She was anxious that it might be cancer.

an anxious look/expression
She gave me an anxious look.

26
Q

Furious

A

Very angry
furious at/about
Residents in the area are furious at the decision.
furious with
She was furious with herself for letting things get out of hand.
furious that
Her family are furious that her name has been published by the press.

She was absolutely furious.

27
Q

Surrounding countryside

A

refers to the rural areas, landscapes, or natural environment that are located around a particular place, often a town or city.

Example 1: “The city of Florence is beautiful, but what I loved the most was the surrounding countryside, with its rolling hills and olive groves.”
Example 2: “We decided to take a day trip from the town to explore the surrounding countryside, where we found peaceful hiking trails and picturesque farms.”

28
Q

Quite

A

with less extreme words, “quite” means moderately or rather , and with extreme words means completely or absolutely

The movie was quite good

The movie was quite fantastic.”
Meaning: The movie was completely or absolutely fantastic.

29
Q

Gentle landscape

A

refers to an area of land that has soft, smooth, or rolling features

The village was surrounded by a gentle landscape of rolling green hills and winding rivers

30
Q

Open fields

A

“Open fields” generally refers to large areas of land that are free from building trees or structures

We went hiking through the open fields where we could see for miles

The kids played soccer in the open field behind the school.

31
Q

Bleak landscape

A

If a place is bleak, it is cold, empty, and not attractive

After the harsh winter, the fields were a bleak landscape of frozen ground and leafless trees, with no sign of life.

32
Q

Caught a glimpse of

A

Glimpse نگاه آنی اجمالی فوری
Caught is past form of catch

catch a glimpse of someone/something

He caught/got a glimpse of her as she got into the car.

As we turned a corner we caught a glimpse of a kingfisher standing in the water

33
Q

catch sight of someone/something

A

briefly or suddenly see someone or something, often unexpectedly or for a short period of time.

As I was walking through the park, I caught sight of an old friend across the street.

She caught sight of a rare bird flying past the window, but it disappeared quickly into the trees.

34
Q

Come into view

A

become visible or to appear in sight, something is now observable that was not visible before.

While hiking, we turned a corner, and a beautiful waterfall came into view

After driving for hours, the city skyline finally came into view on the horizon

35
Q

Fall into ruin
Ruin comes singular

A

Go to ruin

if something falls into ruin, it gets damaged or destroyed because no one is taking care of it

“The ancient castle fell into ruin after centuries of neglect, its walls crumbling and towers collapsing.

After the factory closed, the surrounding town fell into ruin, with abandoned houses and overgrown streets.

36
Q

Lie in ruins

In this structure ruins always come plural
Lie
Lay
Lain

A

چیزی که قبلا ویران شده یا در حال ویرانیه
ولی fall into ruin میشه خراب شدن چیزی در طول زمان
Her marriage was in ruins.

After the earthquake, the ancient temple lies in ruins.

37
Q

Fast-flowing river

A

refers to a river where the water moves quickly, often with strong currents.

Hikers stood on the bridge, watching the fast-flowing river surge below, its waters turbulent and relentless.

38
Q

Unspoilt uk
Unspoiled us

Unspoilt countryside

A

Unspoit دست نخورده بکر

The cottage is in some wonderful unspoilt countryside

39
Q

Dense forest

A

dense forest/wood/woodland/jungle

Their helicopter could not land because of the dense forest .

difficult to see through or breathe in
dense fog/smoke/cloud.

40
Q

Block the view

Block somebody’s view

A

to be in front of someone, so that they cannot see something

Unfortunately, the trees block the view of the snow-covered mountains.

41
Q

Stream winds

A

اینجا wind به معنای turn هستش و تلفظش میشه waɪnd

“stream” refers to a small, flowing body of water, often smaller than a river. It typically flows continuously and can vary in size.

The term “winds” means that the stream moves in a twisting or curving manner rather than in a straight line

The stream winds through the forest

42
Q

Destroy the countryside

Protect the environment

A

They wanted to build a timber factory here, but the local people said that it would destroy the countryside and fortunately, their campaign to protect an environment succeeded

43
Q

Uninterrupted view

A

if you have an uninterrupted view of something, there is nothing between you and that thing to stop you from seeing it clearly
an uninterrupted view of the mountains.

From most rooms there are uninterrupted views of the castle

44
Q

Panoramic view

A

View over a very wide area

From the top floor restaurant diners have a panoramic view of the countryside

From the top of the mountain, we enjoyed a breathtaking panoramic view of the valley below

45
Q

Spectacular view

A

Very dramatic view
The panoramic window in our hotel room offered a spectacular view of the city skyline

46
Q

Enjoy/ admire a view

A

We stopped for a few minutes to admire the view

As we reached the mountaintop, we stopped to admire the breathtaking view of the valleys and peaks

47
Q

Scenery /ˈsi nə ri/

Breathtaking scenery

A

The area has some breathtaking scenery- mountains, cliffs, lakes

The sunrise over the valley provided breathtaking scenery, with golden light illuminating the misty hills and fields

48
Q

Dominate the landscape

A

چیره شدن تسلط داشتن

Can be seen from a long way away

The castle dominates the landscape for miles around

49
Q

Beach stretches

A

A beautiful beach stretches for miles along the coast

50
Q

Sandy beach

A

The hotel has its own Sandy beach.

We spent the afternoon relaxing on the sandy beach, listening to the gentle waves and feeling the warm sun on our skin.

51
Q

Secluded
sɪˈkluːdɪd

Secluded beach

A

very private and quiet
خلوت

We sunbathed on a small secluded beach.

He’s 80 years old now and lives a very secluded life.

52
Q

Sunbathe. ˈsʌnbeɪð
Verb

Past, present perfect: sunbathed

A

to sit or lie outside in the sun, especially in order to become brown
Her mother was sunbathing in the back garden.
► There is no noun ‘sunbath’: Let’s go and sunbathe/do some sunbathing (NOT have a sunbath).

53
Q

Golden sands

A

You can wander for miles along the golden sands.

54
Q

Tranquil adj

tranquillity noun

Peaceful/ tranquil countryside

A

pleasantly calm, quiet, and peaceful

You can quickly go from the hustle and bustle of the town to the tranquil countryside.

the tranquillity of the Tuscan countryside

55
Q

Inspire
Feel inspired

A

الهام بخشیدن
الهام گرفتن

His confident leadership inspired his followers.
[ + to infinitive ] After her trip to Venezuela, she felt inspired to learn Spanish.

56
Q

Protect of natural habitat correct
Protecting natural habitat incorrect

A
57
Q

Follow a Footpath

A

We followed a footpath along the river for about 3 kilometers

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