6 - State Civilizations

Question 1

State Society

Answer 1

often stratified in social levels, usually by force/coercion; rules have power to levy and collect taxes, establish laws, etc

Question 2

Chide + state society

Answer 2

urban revolution, first to make list of defining characteristics of society (?)

Question 3

Characteritistics of Civilization

Answer 3

• Food surplus (helps fuel trade, religion, art, etc; at least one group of people are charged with food production, then others can be specialists in other fields)
• Large, dense populations (urban centres)
• Social stratification (most obvious signs in burials and monumental architecture)
• Formal government (monopoly on force, organizes labour force, oversees production)
• Labour specialization (exist in societies who have excess food production, people are freed from food production responsibilities)
• Record keeping
• Monumental works

Question 4

Why did civilization emerge?

Answer 4

a) irrigation (lots of organization required to upkeep irrigation system)
b) Population growth and war (limited resources leads to conflict)
c) local and long-distance trade (organizational requirements for trade may have developed into state level civilization)

Question 5

Mesopotamia

Answer 5

Between Tigris and Euphrates in current day Iraq and Turkey, Iran, used arches/domes, laws were established, counting system base 60

Question 6

Sumer

Answer 6

earliest civilization (called Sumerian civiliation)
clear evidence of agriculture, domestication, small villages had already been established by 10 000 ya, in Southern Mesopotamia which is harder to farm on

Question 7

Ubaid period

Answer 7

5000-4000 BC
earliest well represented
appears pretty suddenly
When mesopotamian farmers moved south
Incresed social complexity
Irrigation canals led for more concentrated food production
Maisels –> need to concentrate people by, need to develop complex social structure for building of irrigation, need for irrifation to produce food surplus

Question 8

Uruk period

Answer 8

4000 - 3200 BC, Uruk is the oldest known city/urban centre established, largest site in landscape densely settled with smaller towns/villages, grew around central temple precinct, fortified walls, signs of war/conflict, first writing developed, all tablets were found in association with Temple, shows that temple had siginificant role in organization

Question 9

Early Dynastic period

Answer 9

3200-2350 BC, city states developed (large urgan population _ surrounding “rural” population, lots of conflict

Question 10

Ziggurat

Answer 10

summerian mud brick temples, built on top of large stepped platforms, dedicated to city’s most important god, more clay tablets (meaning food production/distribution was controlled in ziggurat), excavations show that they started on small temples that were built on top of one another

Question 11

Ur

Answer 11

Iraq, one of the most important sumerian cities, port city for Persion (?) gulf, wooley found burial ground

Question 12

Wooley’s discovery

Answer 12

burial ground, most were very simple burials, but some were very elaborate, ramps leading down to stone tombs, one of the tombs was a queen named Pu’abi (id’d by cylinder seal), sacrificial burials with the queen (charioteers, oxen, soldiers, etc, may have been preserved to be burried with queen, high quantities of mercury in sacrificial bodies)

Question 13

Writing

Answer 13

originated from counting, using tokens 16 000 years ago, 16 different shapes that represented different goods, found in temples, became more elaborate, up to 3000 different kinds, 5500 yrs ago kept in clay canisters called envelopes, quickly transitioned to just impressions of tokens in clay, then tokens weren’t used and impressions were made on tablet called cuneiform

Question 14

cylinder seals

Answer 14

showed mark of ownership, used to sign documents as well

Question 15

tells

Answer 15

mounds of accumulated rubble representign the site of an ancient city, a tell differs in both scale and content from middens

Question 16

nile river

Answer 16

population concentrated in nile valley because it was way more lush than surrounding areas, not as much dependence on irrigation because nile river flooded reliably, important trade and communication route

Question 17

Egypt was (< or >) rural than mesopotamia

Answer 17

>

Question 18

ancient egypt is divided into several broad periods in two different stages:

Answer 18

periods of integgration, egypt was unified under one ruler

periods of collapse, egypt saw competing powers emerge, lots of political instability and tomb raiding

Question 19

Predynastic period

Answer 19

4500-3000 BC, people began living in bigger, less nomadic settlements, upper and lower egypt ruled by many rulers, most burials weren’t elaborate (bodies dried naturally, some grave goods, single burials)

Question 20

Dynastic period

Answer 20

3000, unification of upper and lower egupt under narmer

Question 21

Narmer palette

Answer 21

depicts the unification of upper and lwoer egypt under narmer, the first pharoah

Question 22

heioglyphics

Answer 22

picture writing associated with ancient egypt

Question 23

rosetta stone

Answer 23

heiroglyphics (priests) + demotic (daily use) + Greek (admin), 196 BC, found in 1798 by French soldier rebuilding fort in egypt

Question 24

Pharaoh

Answer 24

title of king/ruler of ancient egypt, supreme power, considered a god (reincarnation of Horus, god of the sky decendent f Re the sun god), tax collection, irrigation projects, when pharaoh died, would be reincarnated as Osiris

Question 25

Old Kingdom Period

Answer 25

2575 - 2134 BC, most pyramids built during this time

Question 26

Djoser’s pyramid

Answer 26

Saqquer in 2650 BC, first pyramid, evloved from brick-lined graves with mastabas on top, had adjoiining chambers with grave goods, 60 m high, made of clay and stone, 5.6 km of galleries, shafts, etc underground, underground palace to be used by pharaoh in afterlife, burial sealed with 2.5 tonne granite rock, significant because it’s steeped

Question 27

Pyramids of Sneferu

Answer 27

Dashur, 2600 BC, sneferu’s body hasn’t been found (maybe he wasn’t satisfied with pyramids or it was removed to protect it from tomb raiders), bent pyramid and red pyramid

Question 28

Bent pyramid

Answer 28

Pyramid of Sneferu, covered in polished white limestone, most has been removed fro other construction projects, chambers in pyramid itself

Question 29

Red Pyramid

Answer 29

also had internal passages in pyramid itself

Question 30

Great Pyramid

Answer 30

2560 BC, 23 years of construction for Khufu (Sneferu’s son) who came to power 2551 BC, tallest building until eifel tower 1880 (except some church steeples were taller and built before), 132 m @ base, 449 ft tall today, granite from Aswan, travelled ~900 km, people who built the pyramid appear to be well looked after not a slave force, no artifacts have been found

Question 31

Ivory statuette of Khufu

Answer 31

only confirmed statue of Khufu (had inscription), 7.5 cm tall, Petrie found in 1900s, found in another sacred city

Question 32

Khafre’s Pyramid and sphinx

Answer 32

Steeper but smaller than great pyramid, may have been responsible for the great sphinx, 2532 BC, 72 m, 20 m sphinx, covered in limestone as well, sphinx is the largest and oldest

Question 33

state of khafre

Answer 33

very large

Question 34

valley of the kings

Answer 34

3500-3000 ya

Question 35

cemetary of new kingdom pharaohs and elites

Answer 35

near (thieves?), well established world power, grave goods have been stole since, only tomb that wasn’t raided is KVG2

Question 36

new kingdom

Answer 36

1532-1070 BC

Question 37

KVG2

Answer 37

king tutankhamun, howard carter sponsered by lord carnoarvon, one of the most well known pharoahs, mostly because of his grave and not his power. entrance of tombg was covered maybe by flooding or to prevent tomb raidersl king tut was p uncool at his time which may explain why his tomb was so easily forgotton, was burried in smaller chamber and his grave goods were shoved in haphazardly, maybe he died quickly/unexpectedly

Question 38

king tut’s mummy

Answer 38

mummification takes 70 days, tripled layered coffin (outside was wooden with gold leaf aka gilded), inside was pure gold, 2500 pounds of gold in tomb, 57 mill worth minus cultural value, funerary mask was 20lbs, grave goods included wooden throne (gilded inlay with stones/ivory), mummies of children (tut + ankhesenamun) probably stillborn poorly preserved might be result of inbreeding b/c tut and wife were half siblings, father also married sister; gilded wood bed with woven string base, games (senet), ushabti figures that represent the king, canopic jars with emalmbed organs

Question 39

mummification

Answer 39

best literary account comes from Herodotus, travelled to Egypt 500 BC, body cut down left side and organs except heart would be removed, bags of natural salt called natron would be placed around bdoy for 40 days to dry out, body cleaned with aromatic oils, wrapped in bandages

Question 40

Ramses II

Answer 40

built the most temples, military movements, body removed from Balley of Kings and moved, lived to about 90 years, ruled for ~(67 or 70) years, had about 100 kids, had infection in jaw

Question 41

animal mummies

Answer 41

Were gods, each diety had a n animal associated with them, produced mummies of animals as offerings in temples, date to when romans were in the area, scans have revealed that some of these mummies were scams

Question 42

Shang civilization

Answer 42

5500 ya settlements with large defensive walls, lots of people involved in labour force&raquo_space; shang = 1st true civil in china, emerged 3600 ya flourished for about 600 yrs

Question 43

bronzework

Answer 43

shang dynasty, scale/complexity of tech increased, not a lot fo everyday objects, suggests it was for elite

Question 44

shang oracle bones

Answer 44

1st extensive written records in china, scapulemancy, process of divising the futre in which scapulas of animals were burned, the patterns of the cracks were interpretted. records written on bronze, probably on sil kstrips and bamboo as well.

Question 45

terracotta army

Answer 45

221 bc ying zheng (Quin shihyang) unified china, 1st emperor, found in 1984 by farmers, thousands of life sized terracotta (baked clay) soldiers, other pits included musicians, acrobats, etc. at the time of their burial, were painted but once exposed to air, paint begins to flake off immediately. 259-210 BC, came to power when he was 12 years old. standardized wheights, measures, written language, laws, made roads, great wall (not The wall but early version), obsessed with immortality, took 36 yrs to make. written records by Jima Qian, first historian

Question 46

indus valley

Answer 46

aka harapan civiization, pesent day pakistan, india floodplain, mudbricks have domesitcated seeds in them, mature harappan 4500 ya to 4000 ya, upper area of city = citadel, housed public buildings

Question 47

mohenjo daro

Answer 47

early indus valley city in south-central pakistan, builders of railway used rubble from harappa, destroyed lots of architecture etc, this is best preserved harappan architecture

Question 48

great bath

Answer 48

40x30x8 ft, water right seal with bricks and tar, drain in corner, may be used for washing before worship, bathing platforms in homes, 700(?) wells, complex and well planned sewer system… suggest admin but leaders cannot be identified, no signs of force/violent conflict

Question 49

indus stamp seals

Answer 49

no way to translate indus river valley writing, no long texts found

Question 50

cubical weights

Answer 50

standardized weighing system, carnellian stone beads, bronze beads, tiny beads less than 0.1 cm, among those in Er burial

Question 51

the priest king

Answer 51

statue, man with highly decorated robe, armband, headdress, one of very few signs of elite, found in mohenjo daro

Question 52

mesoamerica civilization

Answer 52

limited use of the wheel, few argricultural domesticates, not as much significance on metal-making tehc, 5000 yrs ago, villages established

Question 53

olmec

Answer 53

1sst signs of social complexity, 3000-4000 yrs ago, san lorenzo la verta; monumental olmex head aka colossal head, olmec sculptures/altar, signs f skull alteration

Question 54

maya

Answer 54

guatemala, belize, houndaras, eastern mexico, esp yucatan penisula, 2650 ya lcear signs of social complexity, reflected in monumental architecture; dominated region for 1500 yrs. 250 AD is when it really flourished. movement of people from rural areas to large urban centres/city states (~50 city states in mesoamerica and unlike other places they weren’t unfied), ~90% pop involved with agriculture (intensive tech, build up land, terrace hills, canals)

Question 55

Tikal

Answer 55

important maya city, flourished in 200-900 AD; temple I = the temple of the great jaguar, burial place of Jasaw chan kawii, temple at the top, at the time, paster covered the rock was painted vibrantly

Question 56

palenque

Answer 56

maya capital 431-800 AD, Pakal ruled for 68 yrs, came to power young, burried in the temple of inscriptions, took 4 trs to removed stone from hidden stairway, burried with jade bural mask, some debate regarding whether is body or not (teeth aren’t worn, etc)

Question 57

temple of the feathered serpent

Answer 57

365 steps, on summer solctice sun hits in way that serprent can be seen slithering down side, twoards end of mayan age

Question 58

temple of 1000 warriors

Answer 58

influenced by toltec

Question 59

the observatory

Answer 59

very accurate astronomy

Question 60

temple of magician

Answer 60

said to be built in 1 day by magician

Question 61

ritual ball game

Answer 61

ball court in centre of city, spread across mesoptomia, depicted in art, teamms would try to get ball through hoop without touching the ball, rather explicit depictions of losers being sacrificed

Question 62

mayan heiroglyphics

Answer 62

maya codicies = illustrated books, recorded religion, screen folded, made from plaster covered pounded tree bark, most were destroyed when Spainiards arrived, Deigo Landa did record some of the alphabet
writing was mostly used to record the events in lives of rulers (births, deaths, battles, etc)
maya calendar had 20 named days in 18 “months” + “short month” of 5 days = 365 day cycle
had nymber 0 by 350 BC
first glyphs interpreted were the numbers

Question 63

teotihuacan

Answer 63

2200-1500 ya, earliest city state to dominate valley of mexico, one of largest (20km2), well planned (grid system, rivers rerouted to conform), 2000 apartment complexes, patrilocality, class/economic differences but no signs of poverty, pyramid of the sun built 2000 ya, temple at top has since been destroyed, cave under pyramid play role in mythology, pre-aztec, 600 AD society abruptly collapses for unknown reasons (dates coincide with drought, nutritional distress, infant mortality)

Question 64

toltec

Answer 64

tula, pre-Aztec, evidence of long distance trade, turquoise

Question 65

Aztec

Answer 65

tenochtitlan = capital city in valley of mexico, 675-480 ya, 10 mill people in empire, invested in wealth, lots of remains have been destroyed b/c it’s Mexico city now, island in lake connected by causeways, transportation was on foot by canoe, no beasts of burden

Question 66

chinampas

Answer 66

raised agricultural beds built in lakes/swamps, basically artifically created islands, needed lots of care, often planted willows next to chinampas to stablize, posts driven into ground, woven sides to make enclosure, filled with mud/soil

Question 67

templo mayor

Answer 67

largest, most important building, spiritual importanceexpanded ~11 times before it was abandoned, two temples on top for God of War and of Rain, pyramid was solide except for ~100 ceremonial caches buried within, place for human sacrifice, destroyed in 1521 by Spanish

Question 68

Hernando Cortes

Answer 68

spanish conquistador, overpowered aztec, brought disease to New world (smallpox killed ~85% of Aztec, virigin soil epidemic), had new technologies likes cannons and horses, when they arrived aztec empire had been in turmoil anyway

Question 69

Mentezuma II

Answer 69

very powerful, tyrannical, executed a lot of people so some people under his rule were supporters of the Spanish, 1520 died after being captured by Spanish, unknown cause of death

Question 70

Chavin

Answer 70

Pre-Inca, set the staege for later development of South American civil, 3000 ya in Andian highlands, broad spectrum hunter/gatherers, costal agricultural development first with fishing etc, inland agriculture developed with irrigation
3000 ya distinctive art style developed in western South America, religious/artistic style united wide variety of eople brought people together

Question 71

Chauvin de Huantar

Answer 71

civic ceremonial centre, flourished 2900-2500 ya, small permanent population, developed into first urban centre in South America, Old temple, stone etc covered with limestone

Question 72

Nazca

Answer 72

1600 ya, Nazca lines (troughs 15-3 cm deep, probably pathways followed in ritual prossessions, offerings have been found), costal regions of south central peru, known for colourful pottery, Cahuachi (most well known Nazca site, sign of monumental architecture)

Question 73

moche

Answer 73

began ~2000 ya, south western South America in Trujillo Valley, Peru. Huaca del Sol

Question 74

Huaca del Sol

Answer 74

Pyramid of the Sun, 140 mill sun baked bricks, largest pre-columbian Adobe structure, rebuilt several times by several leaders, was 50 ft tall, ceramics out of molds, portrayed day-to-day life; sipan royal burial: grave goods, sacrifical victims

Question 75

chimu

Answer 75

1000-500 ya, reached height around 600 ya, spread across more than 1300 km of west coast of Sa; craftsmen (copper silver weaving pottery) many taken to Aztec capital when Chimy was overthrown

Question 76

Chan Chan

Answer 76

1000-40 AD, capital city; leader’s living enclosure was mosoleum after death, split inheritance (had power, prestige, command over army, key to success of civil - inca practiced this too), irrigation would build up minerals, force them to expand territory, no writing but symbols

Question 77

Inca

Answer 77

1438-1533, came to power after Chimu, capital city at Cuzco, ethnic inca made up only ~1% of population, may have contributed to their downfall, talented stoneworkers, textiles valued greatly, had extensive road system with suspension bridges and storehouses

Question 78

mit’a

Answer 78

use of land in exchange for labour, inca empire had ~2 mill workers because of this

Question 79

machu picchu

Answer 79

wasn’t destroyed by spanish, possibly because of its remote location, eastern edge of empire, looks over the Urubamba river, hiram bingham was first scientist to document site in 1911 (thought he had discovered Vilcabamba), bult between 1450 and 1470 by Pachacuti, probably grand estate retreat, ~150 smaller living quarters responsible for upkeep/maintenance, 3 elite compounds (bigger, better view, direct water source), number of sacred sites and shrines

Question 80

khipu

Answer 80

system of record keeping, knot system, for accounring, also historic acocunts say that history was also recorded. different knots, colours, fibres that record different kinds of information

Question 81

fall of aztec

Answer 81

fransisco pizarro led small group of spaniards, when he arrived, the Inca empire was already in decline (political unrest, small pox from mexico which was fiven to them by Spainiards) Atahualpa was captured and held for ransom, it was delivered but he was killed anyway