5 - Agriculture

Question 1

Holocene

Answer 1

follows pleistocene epoch, began ~11 000 ya
lots of animal extinction
water levels rose, pushing animals out of habitats, broad spectrum collected

Question 2

domestication

Answer 2

organism’s survival depends on human race, artificial selection is cause of change

Question 3

neolithic revolition

Answer 3

descrives change from hunting/gaterher to argriculture

initially suggested an abrupt change

Question 4

oasis theory

Answer 4

shrinking zones around water sources

Question 5

marginal zone hypothesis

Answer 5

by the time agriculture developed, every was living in optimal places. expansion meant that they would venture out of optimal zones, which is why they brought plants of their own

Question 6

archaebotony

Answer 6

the analysis and interpretation of remains of ancient plants recovered from the archaeological record
plant material can be preserved in dry places, peat bogs, frozen areas, and when charred

Question 7

microbotanicals

Answer 7

pollen, phytoliths, very small samples, often sruvives in cracks etc on tools, vessels, etc

Question 8

signs of domestication

Answer 8

geography
-if plant/animal remains appear abruptly at sites located in territories they aren’t native to
Mean seed size
-people select artificially for larger seeds
Seed Morphology
-development of predominance of non-brittle rachis, a kind of subconscious selection
-seed coats are often thinner than on wild plants
Osteological change
-lightly consructed bones of otherwise wild animals
-smaller leads for easier handling

Question 9

Natafian burial

Answer 9

12 000 ya, Israel, Ain Mullah

Question 10

Fertile crent

Answer 10

area of first domestication, 10 000 ya, true domestication took place

Question 11

natufian

Answer 11

collecter type hunter/gatherers

established sedentary settlement

Question 12

Catalhoyuk

Answer 12

oldest and largest complex settlements in neolithic
8000 people in community
not a lot of social deifferention
burials – inside houses

Question 13

Stonehendge

Answer 13

1. Earthwork enclosure 3000 bc
   aubrey holes, held cremation, simple ditch and embankment, 25 - 4 yrs old
2. Wooden structures ~2900 -2400 BC
3. Stone Monuments ~2600 - 600 BC
   The blue stones cresent (400 kg and 2 metres tall), blue quality when wet, may have healing abilities

Question 14

the Sarsen stone circle

Answer 14

avenue was also built

Question 15

the blue stones rearranged

Answer 15

8m tall, sunk into ground, believed to have been rearranged about3 times

Question 16

Cursus

Answer 16

burials to south but no north of this 3 km platform

Question 17

Durrington walls

Answer 17

largest neolithic settlement located 2 miles from Stonehenge

Question 18

Amesbury Archer

Answer 18

first remains of gold, among other grave goods
First “elite”
5 km from stonehenge 2470 BC early bronze age
Beaker pottery
Man b/w 35-45 yrs
Strong and robust, absess on jaw, kneecap ripped off, bone infection
Frew up in central europe (analysis of stronium and ocygen)

Question 19

Archer’s Companion

Answer 19

25 years old
Nearly identitical hair tresses/earings
Had the same unusual foot structure
Analysis of tooth says he grew up n Southern England

Question 20

Cahokia

Answer 20

Illinois
1000 -1250 AD
Monumental architecture and burials of elites
Mississippians
Maize and squash, land could support surplus
differential access to power and wealth
large settlement
central plaza with pyramids, temples etc enclosed
declined very rapidly possibly due to deforestation or overhunting

Question 21

Monks Mound

Answer 21

covered 16 acres at base

Top of mound would’ve had a temple

Question 22

Mound 72 burial

Answer 22

lots of beads made of material from gulf of mexico

many people buried, couple were elite, many were sacrificial