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MSK Week 5 2017/18 > 6: Radiology - UST, CT & MRI and lower limb > Flashcards

6: Radiology - UST, CT & MRI and lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Are upper or lower limb fractures associated with higher morbidity and mortality?

A

Lower limb fractures

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2
Q

What are some serious complications of immobility due to a lower limb fracture?

A

Dehydration / starvation

DVT and PE

Pneumonia

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3
Q

Why is CT superior to X-ray for viewing overlapping structures?

A

X-ray is one image - overlapping bones can’t be separated

CT is cross-sectional - image can be moved forwards and backwards

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4
Q

Which two scans also show soft tissue injuries?

A

Ultrasound

MRI

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5
Q

What name is given to the dark stripe across bone characteristic of a fracture on X-ray?

A

Lucency

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6
Q

Lower limb fractures often involve impaction - what does this look like on X-ray?

A

Sclerosis (dense white)

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7
Q

Where are three common sites for lower limb impaction fractures?

A

Femoral neck

Tibial plateau

Calcaneus

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8
Q

Pelvic ring fractures typically involve (one / more than one) bone.

A

more than one bone

as with all bony ring fractures

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9
Q

Who tends to suffer high energy pelvic ring fractures?

A

Young people

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10
Q

What are the typical mechanisms of high energy pelvic ring fractures?

A

RTA

Falls from height

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11
Q

What scan is used if more than one fracture is suspected e.g in a pelvic ring fracture?

A

CT scan

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12
Q

If a pelvic ring fracture is caused by a low energy event, it is described as a ___ fracture.

What is a possible cause in elderly patients?

A

pathological

osteoporosis

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13
Q

Low energy pelvic ring fractures are difficult to see on X-ray. What scan is used to pick them up?

A

MRI scan

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14
Q

What is the imaging technique used to view pelvic soft tissue injuries?

A

MRI scan

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15
Q

What are two examples of acute pelvic soft tissue injuries?

A

Muscle tears

Tendon avulsion

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16
Q

Hip dislocations tend to occur (anteriorly / posteriorly).

A

posteriorly

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17
Q

What bony feature tends to fracture in hip dislocations?

A

Acetabular rim

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18
Q

What are the two main classifications of femoral fractures?

A

Intracapsular

Extracapsular

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19
Q

Where on the femur do intracapsular fractures occur?

A

Neck to head

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20
Q

Where on the femur extracapsular fractures occur?

A

Inferior to neck - greater trochanter and below

21
Q

Which type of femoral fracture can disrupt the blood supply to the femoral head?

What may this cause?

A

Intracapsular

Avascular necrosis

22
Q

What surgical procedure can be carried out to repair an intracapsular femoral fracture with associated AVN?

A

Hemiarthroplasty

i.e replacing the head of the femur and nothing else

23
Q

Extracapsular femoral fractures aren’t associated with AVN. What surgical technique is used to repair these fractures?

A

Internal fixation

i.e screws, rods, plates

24
Q

What type of femoral fracture is very obvious on X-ray?

A

Femoral shaft fracture

25
Q

(Fractures / soft tissue injuries) of the knee are more common.

What imaging techniques are used to view them?

A

Soft tissue injuries

Ultrasound , MRI scan

26
Q

What soft tissue structures should be viewed on a lateral X-ray of the knee?

A

Quadriceps tendon

Suprapatellar fat pad

Patellar tendon

27
Q

What space fills with effusion following a soft tissue injury of the knee?

A

Suprapatellar space

28
Q

When are simple effusions seen?

When is lipohaemarthrosis seen?

A

Simple effusion - fractures

Haemarthrosis - meniscal / ligament tears (extremely painful)

29
Q

What aspect of the tibia, close to the knee joint, commonly fractures?

A

Tibial plateau

30
Q

What imaging technique best shows tibial plateau fractures?

A

CT scan

31
Q

Which imaging technique is used to find extensor mechanism injuries?

A

Ultrasound

32
Q

What type of meniscal tear may displace and cause a locked knee?

A

Bucket handle meniscal tear

33
Q

What do torn ligaments typically look like on MRI?

A

White, blurry mess

34
Q

What type of connective tissue is damaged in OA?

A

Hyaline cartilage

35
Q

What is a bony ring found in the leg?

A

Tibia, fibula and talus together

36
Q

How do ankle fractures usually occur?

A

Inversion / eversion of foot

37
Q

What types of X-ray are taken for ankle fractures?

A

AP (opposite to CXR) and lateral

38
Q

The site of a fracture is often hinted at by the ___ ___ ___ around it.

A

soft tissue swelling

39
Q

What tends to be disrupted in children?

A

Epiphyseal growth plates

40
Q

If joint spaces are larger than they should be, what may be damaged?

A

Ligaments

41
Q

What bony prominences of the ankle should be examined for fractures?

A

Medial and lateral malleoli

42
Q

What other malleolus may also be fractured?

Where specifically is it found?

A

Posterior malleolus

Posteroinferior tibia

43
Q

The base of which metatarsal commonly fractures?

A

5th

44
Q

Which foot bone commonly fragments when it fractures?

What is the radiology name for fragmentation?

A

Calcaneus

Comminution

45
Q

As in the upper limb, what are commonly mistaken for fractures?

A

Growth plates

Sesamoid bones

46
Q

What is the fabella and where is it found?

A

Sesamoid found within the gastrocnemius posterior to the knee

47
Q

Where in the foot are sesamoid bones definitely found?

A

1st metatarsal head

48
Q

Which scan is used to view ligament tears because it is easier for patients and changes in real time?

A

Ultrasound

49
Q

Injury of which ankle tendons are viewed by ultrasound?

A

Achilles tendon

Medial and lateral complexes

MSK Week 5 2017/18 (12 decks)

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