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Neurology Week 2 2018/19 > 6: Physiology - Sensory transduction: auditory and vestibular system > Flashcards

6: Physiology - Sensory transduction: auditory and vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells, found in the inner ear, convert sound energy (moving them) into action potentials?

A

Hair cells (stereocilia)

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2
Q

Hair cells are connected to ___ ___ neurons.

A

special sensory

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3
Q

What excites stereocilia?

A

Movement by sound energy

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4
Q

Which channels are found at the tips of stereocilia?

What enters when they are open?

A

Tip links

K+ (which ENTERS unusually and depolarises the membrane)

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5
Q

When stereocilia are excited by movement and the opening of tip link channels, the sensory neurons connected to them are EXCITED.

Which neurotransmitter is released to cause an excitatory action potential?

A

Glutamate

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6
Q

Hair cells are found throughout the labyrinth of the inner ear, which is responsible for hearing and balance.

The function of hair cells changes based on their ___ in the labyrinth.

A

position

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7
Q

What properties of a sound wave match to

a) pitch
b) volume?

A

a) Frequency

b) Amplitude

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8
Q

Why do vibrations received by the tympanic membrane need to be amplified before they pass into the cochlea?

A

It takes more energy to vibrate fluid compared to air

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9
Q

Which bones are mostly responsible for amplifying the vibrations received by the tympanic membrane?

A

Ossicles

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10
Q

Which chamber in the Organ of Corti contains the hair cells?

A

Scala media

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11
Q

Which membrane do hair cells sit on in the Organ of Corti?

A

Basilar membrane

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12
Q

What properties of the basilar membrane allow to discriminate between sounds of different pitches?

A

Oval window end (the base) is wide and flexible

Apex is narrow and stiff

So different energy levels i.e pitches of sound are required to move the hair cells depending on what end you’re at

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13
Q

Which membranes are found

a) superior to
b) inferior to

hair cells in the Organ of Corti?

A

a) Tectorial / Reissner’s membrane

b) Basilar membrane

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14
Q

The basilar membrane changes the ___ of hair cells by bending in response to sound energy.

The tectorial membrane actively ___ hair cells by vibrating.

A

basilar membrane changes hair cell position

tectorial membrane moves hair cells by vibrating

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15
Q

The potassium concentration of the fluid surrounding hair cells (?endolymph) is (high / low).

A

high K+ concentration

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16
Q

In which direction does potassium move when the tip links of hair cells are open?

Why?

A

Inwards

K+ concentration in endolymph is high

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17
Q

Which fluid is found in the scala media?

A

Endolymph

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18
Q

Which fluid is found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani?

A

Perilymph

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19
Q

What happens to the potassium which enters hair cells through tip links?

A

After action potential K+ is recycled back into scala media to keep conc. gradient the same

20
Q

How are hair cells arranged in the Organ of Corti?

A

Outer layer

Inner layer

21
Q

Which layer of hair cells is concerned primarily with sensory input?

A

Inner layer

22
Q

Which nerve carries the sensory neurons from the inner hair cells?

A

Cochlear part of CN VIII

23
Q

Each inner hair cell is supplied by (a single / many) sensory neuron(s).

A

each inner hair cell has its own sensory neuron

24
Q

What is the primary function of outer hair cells?

A

Movement of the tectorial membrane to enhance vibration

25
Q

How many outer hair cells are connected to each somatic efferent fibre?

A

Many

26
Q

Where do sensory neurons synapse between the inner hair cells and CN VIII?

A

Spiral ganglion

27
Q

superior olivary ganglion somatic efferents outer hair cells

A
28
Q

sensory coding of pitch depends on firing rate of hair cells AND where they are on the basilar strip

A
29
Q

On which side of the brain are auditory signals processed?

A

Both

processing is bilateral

30
Q

Briefly describe how auditory stimuli reach the primary auditory cortex from the inner ear.

A

CN VIII fibres > Spiral ganglion > Cochlear nucleus > Superior olivary nucleus > Inferior colliculus > Medial geniculate nucleus > Primary auditory cortex

sorry

31
Q

Briefly describe how visual stimuli reach the visual cortex from the eyes.

A

CN II fibres > Lateral geniculate nucleus > Superior colliculus > Visual cortex

32
Q

What information does the sensory pathway use to localise the position of sound?

A

1. When it is heard

2. Volume

both different for each ear

33
Q

What sense is the vestibular system broadly concerned with?

A

Balance

34
Q

Which parts of the vestibular system detect

a) head rotation
b) linear acceleration (e.g side to side, front to back, head tilt on one plane)?

A

a) Semicircular canals

b) Otolith organs (saccule and urticle)

35
Q

How are hair cells involved in the vestibular system?

A

Different movements cause movements in fluid and otolith which move the hair cells

36
Q

What movements are detected by the semicircular canals?

A

Rotation

37
Q

Which fluid is found in the semicircular canals?

A

Perilymph

38
Q

In the semicircular canals, (perilymph / endolymph) exerts force on hair cells during ___ movement.

A

perilymph

rotational movement

39
Q

Which type of sensory signal is generated by the hair cells on the

a) ipsilateral side
b) contralateral side

of a head movement?

A

a) Excitatory

b) Inhibitory

b acts as a confirmation to the brain that the movement is occurring

40
Q

Which cranial nerve receives the sensory impuses from the vestibular organs?

A

Vestibular part of CN VIII

41
Q

Which part of the vestibular system detects acceleration on one plane and gravity?

A

Otolith organs

42
Q

What are the two otolith organs?

A

Saccule

Urticle

43
Q

Which otolith organ is responsible for detecting linear movement

a) vertically

b) horizontally?

A

a) Saccule

b) Utricle

u for up and then the opposite of that kill me

44
Q

Which substance exerts on a force on the hair cells in the otolith organs during linear movements?

A

Otolith

calcium carbonate crystals

45
Q

Which reflex keeps the eyes focused during head movement?

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

Neurology Week 2 2018/19 (10 decks)

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