6. Oral Viral Infections, Herpes Viruses Flashcards
- Herpes simplex Virus-1
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in Neuron (sensory ganglia)
Disease: Herpes labialis, gingivostomatitis, eye, eczema, Whitlow (infection at fingers or thumbs)
> 75%
- Herpes simplex Virus-2
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in Neuron
Disease: Genital herpes
> 25%
- Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3)
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in Neuron
Disease: Chickenpox, Shingles
100%
- Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4)
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in B cells
Disease: Infectious Mono and Burkitt’s lymphoma
- Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in lymph nodes / monocytes
Disease: Congenital infection (mental retardation)
- HHV-6
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in Monocytes / Macrophages
Disease: Roseola infantum
- HHV-7
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in T cells
Disease: Roseola infantum
- Kaposi’s Sarcoma Virus (HHV-8)
- Latent where
- Important diseases
Latent in lymphocytes
Disease: Kaposi’s sarcoma (immunosuppressed)
- Which herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the US?
HSV-1
- Which herpes simplex virus is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the US?
HSV-1 (2° lesion via the eye)
- Which herpes simplex virus increases the risk of acquiring HIV during sexual intercourse by 2 to 4 fold?
HSV-2 (genital herpes)
- Compare and contrast how HSV-1 and HSV-2 are infected
- What kind of contact for HSV-1?
- What kind of contact for HSV-2?
- Both initially affect what kind of epithelium and then latently affect what structure?
Both at any age - mucosal to mucosal
HSV-1: oral to oral as a child
HSV-2 : sexual contact or to baby at child birth
Initial: Mucoepithelium
Latent: Sensory ganglia
- Which HHV is spread via respiratory droplets and does not require intimate mucosal-mucosal contact?
What is the pathway of host infection for this virus?
Varicella-Zoster (HHV-3)
Lung mucosal -> Lymph nodes -> Blood stream -> Skin epithelia -> (Latency) dorsal root sensory ganglia
- If an individual had chicken pox when they were younger, what are some of the reasons for why they would be at risk for getting shingles?
Immunosuppressed
- Leukemia, auto-immune, transplant, HIV, pregnant women, older patients
- Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4)
- What two major diseases does EBV cause?
- How does EBV typically spread?
Infectious mononucleosis (most common) and Burkitt’s lymphoma
Spread via saliva (especially during the late teen/early twenties)
- EBV infections in immunosuppressed patients in the US and the rest of the world are often associated with what three diseases?
- Hairy leukoplakia
- Nasopharyngeal cancers
- Burkitt’s Lymphoma
50. What cancers are these viruses linked with in people with chronic infections? A. Kaposi's sarcoma virus B. Hep B and Hep C C. HTLV-1 D. Human papillomaviruses (HPV)
A. Kaposi’s sarcoma
B. Liver cancer
C. T-cell leukemia
D. Cervical and oral cancer
- What symptoms characterize infectious mononucleosis?
- Fever and chills
- Sore throat, fatigue
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Increase in mononuclear cells (lymphocytes - T and B cells)
- What are the two instances that are the most dangerous time to be infected with cytomegalovirus?
Does this typically occur in developed or undeveloped countries?
- If a mother becomes infected with CMV for the first time when she is pregnant. Because she lacks neutralizing Ab, the virus can be transmitted to the fetus - resulting in permanent disabilities
- Immunosupressed individuals
Almost exclusively in “developed”, since in undeveloped countries 100% will be infected as children
- Coxsackie virus group
- Enveloped or non-enveloped?
- Infect what age group?
- Mild or serious diseases?
Non-enveloped (hardy viruses)
Infect young children
Mild diseases
- Coxsackie group
- What are the two examples of this virus group?
- Herpangina (flu-like symptoms and herpes-like oropharyngitis of the throat)
- Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- What diseases is probably the most communicable human disease known?
This disease is caused by paramyxovirus. Is this virus enveloped or non-enveloped?
Measles (or Rubeola)
Paramyxovirus is enveloped (ssRNA)
- How is measles transmitted?
Transmitted by respiratory droplets
Replicates in respiratory tract -> lymphatic -> Spreads throughout the body
- What causes the characteristic measles rash?
- In addition to the rash, what temporary, generalized condition occurs?
Measles rash caused by Tc cells targeting measles-infected endothelial cells of the capillaries
Measles infection also causes a temporary, generalized immune suppression (which can cause excess mortality in developing countries - even though a vaccine is available)
- Mumps is caused by paramyxovirus (ssRNA). Enveloped or non-enveloped?
What is one significant difference between measles and mumps?
Enveloped
One difference: Significant number of infected individuals who do not show symptoms (iceberg effect)
- What is the characteristic symptom of mumps?
Paraotitis - painful swelling of the salivary glands (esp. the paratids)
Viruses infect the salivary ducts and subsequent inflammation blocks the drainage of salivary fluids
- Human Papilloma virus (HPV)
- Enveloped or non-enveloped?
- Common cause of what?
- What kind of epithelia do they infect?
Non-enveloped (hardy)
Common cause of hyperplastic epithelial lesions (warts)
Infect surface epithelia of skin and mucosa
- Human Papilloma virus (HPV)
- What diseases?
Cervical, anal, penile cancer
May also be cause of oral and throat cancer
