6 - Molecular biology of the cell Flashcards
The structure marked 1 is the nucleus:
Select all that apply
RNA exits the nucleus here
Nuclear pores
Contains nucleic acids and proteins
RNA making factory
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nucleus
Contains nucleic acids and proteins
The structure marked 2 is the nuclear pores:
Select all that apply
RNA exits the nucleus here
Nuclear pores
Contains nucleic acids and proteins
RNA making factory
Nucleolus
Nucleus
RNA exits the nucleus here
Nuclear pores
The structure marked 3 is the nucleolus:
Select all that apply
RNA exits the nucleus here
Nuclear pores
Contains nucleic acids and proteins
RNA making factory
Nucleolus
Nucleus
RNA making factory
Nucleolus
Match the numbered structure to its identity:
red and green nucleic acids bound together by hydrogen bonds
1
1-DNA base pairs
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 2
Sequence of nucleotides in DNA
2-gene
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 3
Histone-DNA packed into a ball-like structure “beads on a string”
3-Nucleosome
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 4
Positively charged proteins DNA wraps around
4-Histones
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 5
Nucleosomes coiled into a fiber called..
5-Chromatin
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 6
Single continuous DNA molecule that join making two almost identical/slightly different DNA
6-Chromatid
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 7
Where the chromatids touch in the center
7-Centromere
Match the numbered structure to its identity: 8
2 chromatids packed together to make…
8-Chromosome
The ____, just upstream of the gene, is important for binding of transcription factor TFIID.
TATA box
YAYA sequence
LALA
YOLO baby
TATA box
The transcription complex involves ___ transcription factors.
Many
Three
One
Two
Many!
The spliceosome forms a ____ in the RNA as the first step in removing the intron.
Kink
Loop
Fork
Knot
Loop
The process of removing the introns from pre-mRNA is called:
Spoofing
Splicing
Splitting
Biffing
Splicing
Soon after the start of transcription a ____ is added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA.
Methylated cap
Doug cap
Poly-A tail
Campaign cap
Methylated cap
After completion in of transcription at the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA poly A polymerase synthesizes the:
Methylated cap
PolyA tail
Campaign cap
Polly tail
PolyA tail
Messenger RNA is used by the ribosome to make:
RNA
Nucleotides
Proteins
DNA
Proteins
Transcription is the process of turning ___ into ___ .
DNA into RNA
A ____ is a cellular particle made of RNA and protein that serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell.
Spliceosome
RNA polymerase
Ribosome
Nuclear pore
Ribosome
What regions are important for the function of tRNAs in protein synthesis? Mark all that apply
Substrate pocket
TATA box
Amino acid binding stem
Anticodon
Amino acid binding stem
Anticodon
The letters of mRNA that code for an amino acid are called:
Codiac
Koniocellular
Codon
Code
Codon
_____ is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template.
Transcription
Translation
Ablation
Consternation
Translation
Stages of translation include:
Mark all that apply
Termination
Initiation
Damnation
Perdition
Elongation
Termination
Initiation
elongation
The first codon is typically:
UUU
UAG
AAA
AUG
AUG
There are two or three sites on the assembled ribosome that hold transfer RNA Bound to a single amino acid or amino acid chain. Some authorities define an E (exit) site, where the empty tRNA leaves the ribosome.
Mark the two other sites.
A site
P site
N site
X site
A site
P site
When a stop codon is encountered by the ribosome, a ____ parks at the A site.
Release factor
Blocked tRNA
Blank RNA
Nonsense tRNA
Release factor
The role of topoisomerase is to:
Make short segments of DNA
Relax the supercoiling of DNA
Make RNA primers
Open the DNA double helix
Relax the supercoiling of DNA
The role of helicase is to:
Relax the supercoiling of DNA
Make short segments of DNA
Open the DNA double helix
Make RNA primers
Open the DNA double helix
The role of the lagging strand DNA polymerase is to:
Make RNA primers
Open the DNA double helix
Relax the supercoiling of DNA
Make short segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments)
Make sure short segments of DNA
(Okazaki fragments)
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the ___ direction.
5’ to 3’
Left to right
3’ to 5’
Right to left
5’ to 3’
DNA primase adds 10-12 ____nucleotides to the lagging strand.
Sugar
DNA
RNA
Protein
RNA
The fragments of DNA that are built off the primer on the lagging strand are called:
Lagging strand fragments
3’ nucleotides
5’ nucleotides
Okazaki fragments
Okazaki fragments
The enzyme that ties together the fragments on the lagging strand is called:
DNA primase
Topiosomerase
Helicase
DNA ligase
DNA ligase
Match numbered structure to its name:
1-end of chromosome
2-short end
3-middle
4-long end
5-single strands
1-telomere
2-p arm
3-centromere
4-q arm
5-chromatid
Match the phase of the cell cycle to its characteristic features.
G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase
DNA synthesis
Organizing and condensing the genetic material
Partitioning genetic material into two daughter cells
Preparing to divide
G1-preparing to divide
S-DNA synthesis
G2-organizing and condensing the genetic material
M-partitioning genetic material into two daughter cells
During _____, diploid cells undergo DNA replication followed by two rounds of cell division, producing four haploid sex cells.
Mitosis
Meiosis
G0 phase
Cytokinesis
Meiosis
You have two copies of chromosome 1, one inherited from your mother and one from your father. Your mother’s chromosome 1 is:
The same as your cousins chromosome1
Your grandmother’s chromosome 1
Exactly the same as as your sister
A mixture of maternal grandmother’s and maternal grandfather’s chromosome 1
A mixture of maternal grandmother’s and maternal grandfather’s chromosome 1.
Stages of mitosis in correct order:
Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
1- Prophase
2- Metaphase
3- Anaphase
4- Telophase
Which of the following steps are included in interphase?
Select all that apply:
G1 phase
M phase
G2 phase
S phase
G1
G2
S
Gametes are formed through a process called:
Mitosis
G1 phase
S phase
Meiosis
Meiosis
Match the stage of meiosis to the number of DNA molecules.
23, 46, 92
Beginning of meiosis I
End of meiosis I
End of meiosis II
Beginning of meiosis I - 92 (tetraploid)
End of meiosis I - 46 (diploid)
End of meiosis II - 23 (haploid)
Synopsis is the physical event which leads to crossing over, the swapping of genetic material between homologous (same number) chromosomes. Crossing over (recombination) occurs during:
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Meiosis I
Which of the following are gametes?
Mark all that apply:
Neurons
Eggs
Skin cells
Sperm
Eggs
Sperm
Before cells divide, DNA is copied through the process of replication. The double helix is unzipped and new nucleotides bind to their complementary bases on the free strands, forming ___ duplicates of the original.
Two
Three
Four
Five
Two
During DNA replication each tRNA molecule carries _____. As the tRNAs bind to mRNA, these link together creating __.
Chromosome; double helix
Adenine; replication
An amino acid; a peptide chain
A DNA molecule; protein
An amino acid; a peptide chain
Mitosis begins in the:
Cell nucleus
Peptide chain
Double helix
Cytoplasm
Cell nucleus
