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V. Micro 151 > 6 Microbial Nutrition and Transport Mechanisms > Flashcards

6 Microbial Nutrition and Transport Mechanisms Flashcards

1
Q

process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used for cellular activities

A

Nutrition

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2
Q

any substance that must be provided to an organism

*Chemicals that are necessary for particular organisms, which they cannot manufacture by themselves
*Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphate, and sulfur (CHONPS)

A

Essential nutrient

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3
Q

Two categories of essential nutrients:

A

– Macronutrients

– Micronutrients or Trace elements

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4
Q

required in relatively large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism
- carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

A

Macronutrients:

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5
Q

also known as trace elements
- present in much smaller amounts
* involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
- manganese, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, and
copper

only required in small amounts; usually found in sufficient quantities in tap water

A

Micronutrients:

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6
Q
  • contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are the products of living things
  • simple organic molecules such as methane
  • large polymers (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
A

Organic nutrients

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7
Q
  • an atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
  • found in the crust of the earth, bodies of water, and the atmosphere
A

Inorganic nutrient

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8
Q
  • is a fundamental macronutrient for bacteria and serves as the primary building block for all cellular components
  • needed for the skeleton or backbone of all organic molecules and molecules serving as sources normally also contribute both oxygen and hydrogen atoms
    *Bacteria utilizes this for various essential processes, including energy
    production, synthesis of cellular structures, and metabolism.
A

Carbon

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9
Q
  • Main reservoir is its gas counterpart (N2)
  • 79% of earth’s atmosphere is N2
    *is part of the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA & ATP – these are the primary source of N for heterotrophs
  • Some bacteria & algae use its inorganic nutrients
  • Some bacteria can fix N2
  • Regardless of how N enters the cell, it must be converted to NH3, the only form that can be combined with carbon to synthesis amino acids, etc
A

Nitrogen

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10
Q
  • major component of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
  • plays an important role in structural & enzymatic functions of cell
  • component of inorganic salts (sulfates, phosphates, nitrates) & water
  • makes up 20% of atmosphere
  • essential to metabolism of many organisms
A

Oxygen

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11
Q
  • major element in all organic compounds & several inorganic ones (water, salts & gases)
  • gases are produced & used by microbes
  • roles:
    –maintaining pH
    –forming H bonds between molecules
    –serving as the source of free energy in oxidation reduction reactions of respiration
A

Hydrogen

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12
Q
  • is a component of phospholipid membranes, DNA, RNA, ATP, and some proteins
  • key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics
  • serves in energy transfers (ATP)
A

Phosphorous

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13
Q
  • widely distributed in environment, rocks, sediments contain sulfate, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfur
  • is a component of sulfur-containing amino acids, disulfide bonds critical to tertiary structure of proteins (a.a. methionine& cysteine) , and in vitamins (thiamin and biotin)
  • contributes to stability of proteins by forming disulfide bonds
A

Sulfur

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14
Q

nutrient that is important for certain types of cell transport

A

Sodium (Na):

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15
Q

nutrient that is a stabilizer of cell wall and endospores of bacteria

A

Calcium (Ca):

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16
Q

nutrient that is a component of chlorophyll and a stabilizer of
cell membranes and ribosomes

A

Magnesium (Mg):

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17
Q

nutrient that is an important component of the cytochrome proteins of cell respiration

A

Iron (Fe):

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18
Q

nutrient that is an essential regulatory element for eukaryotic genetics

A

Zinc (Zn):

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19
Q

necessary organic chemicals that
cannot be synthesized by certain organisms (vitamins,
certain amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, cholesterol,
NADH, and heme)

A

§Growth factors

20
Q

Organic compounds, required in very
small amount and then only by some cells (3)

A

(1)amino acids,

(2) purines and pyrimidines

(3) vitamins

21
Q

are needed for protein synthesis,

A

Amino acids

22
Q

for nucleic acid
synthesis.

A

Purines and pyrimidines

23
Q

are small organic molecules that
usually make up all or part enzyme cofactors,
and only very small amounts are required for
growth

A

Vitamins

24
Q

*Nutritional types of microorganisms

Carbon source (2)

A

Autotroph

Heterotroph

25
Q

*Nutritional types of microorganisms

Energy Source (2)

A

– Phototroph
– Chemotroph

26
Q

*Nutritional types of microorganisms

    • Electron (Reduction potential) Source
A

– Organotroph

– Lithotroph

27
Q

Two Kinds of Bacterial Heterotrophs:

A

Saprobes and
Parasites

28
Q
  • free living organisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms
  • decomposers of plant litter, animal matter, and dead microbes
  • recycle organic nutrients
A

Saprobes

29
Q
  • derive nutrients from the cells or tissues of a living host
  • pathogens: cause damage to tissues or even death
  • range from viruses to helminths
  • ectoparasites: live on the body
  • endoparasites: live in the organs and tissues
A

Parasites

30
Q

live within cells such as the
leprosy bacillus and the syphilis spirochete

A

intracellular parasites:

31
Q

unable to grow outside of a living host
- less strict parasites can be cultured artificially
* if provided with the correct nutrients and environmental conditions

A

obligate parasites:

32
Q

The vast majority of microbes causing human disease
are ____

A

chemoheterotrophs

33
Q
  • The process of moving molecules into or out of cells
  • Transport of necessary nutrients occurs across the cell membrane, even in organisms with cell walls
  • The driving force of transport is atomic and molecular movement
A

Transport Mechanisms

34
Q

transport–do not require energy, substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration towards areas of lower concentration
–Diffusion
–Facilitated diffusion –requires a carrier
- Osmosis -water

A

Passive transport

35
Q

–require energy and carrier proteins, gradient independent
–Carrier-mediated active transport
–Group translocation –transported molecule chemically altered
–Bulk transport –endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis

is the transport of solute molecules to higher concentrations, or against a concentration gradient, with the use of metabolic energy input.

A

Active transport

36
Q

– Movement of substances directly across a phospholipid bilayer, with no need for a transport protein
– Movement from high ® low concentration
– No energy expenditure (e.g. ATP) from cell
– Small uncharged molecules may be transported via this process, e.g. H2O, O2, CO2

  • All molecules (solid, liquid, or gas) are in continuous movement
  • As temperature increases, molecular movement becomes faster
  • In any solution, including cytoplasm, these moving molecules cannot travel very far without having collisions with other molecules
  • As a result of these collisions, the directions of colliding molecules are altered and unpredictable
  • If the solute is more concentrated in one area than another, the thermal movement will eventually distribute the molecules evenly
  • ____ of molecules across the cell membrane is largely determined by the concentration gradient and permeability of the substance
A

simple diffusion

37
Q

– Movement of substances across a membrane with the assistance of a transport protein
– Movement from high ® low concentration
– No energy expenditure (e.g. ATP) from cell

– Two mechanisms: Channel & Carrier Proteins

A

facilitated diffusion

38
Q

The rate of diffusion across selectively permeable membranes is greatly increased by the use of carrier proteins, sometimes called ____, which are embedded in the plasma membrane.

A

permeases,

39
Q

the diffusion of water through a selectively, or differentially, permeable membrane
- has passageways that allow free diffusion of water, but block certain other dissolved molecules
- when the membrane is placed between solutions of differing concentrations of solute and the solute cannot pass through the membrane, water will diffuse at a faster rate from the side that has more water to the side that has less water
- this will continue until the concentration of water is equalized on both sides of the membrane

  • Living membranes generally block the entrance and exit of larger molecules and permit the free movement of water
  • Most cells are surrounded by some free water and the amount of water entering or leaving has a major impact on cellular activities and survival
A

Osmosis

40
Q

Transport of one substance from a low ® high concentration as another substance is simultaneously transported from high ® low.

A

co transport systems

41
Q

A molecule is
transported while being chemically modified.

A

group translocation system

42
Q

The best-known group translocation system is the ____, which transports a variety of sugars into procaryotic cells while Simultaneously phosphorylating them using phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) as the phosphate donor.

A

phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar
phosphotransferase system (PTS)

43
Q

Active transport systems in bacteria

A

carrier mediated active transport

group translocation systems

bulk transport

44
Q
  • processes that involve the movement of large particles, macromolecules, or fluids into (endocytosis) or out of (exocytosis) a cell by engulfing them in vesicles formed from the cell membrane.
  • transport of large molecules, particles, liquids, or other cells across the cell membrane requiring the expenditure of energy
  • cell encloses the substance in its membrane
  • simultaneously forms a vacuole and engulfs the substance
A

Bulk transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

45
Q
  • accomplished by amoebas and white blood cells
  • ingest whole cells or large solid matter
A

Phagocytosis

46
Q

ingestion of liquids such as oils or molecules in solution

A

Pinocytosis:

V. Micro 151 (10 decks)

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