1 The History and Scope of Microbiology

Question 1

 Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
 Derived from the Greek word “ mikros ” - ‘small’ , “ bios ” - ‘life’ and “logy” – study of.
 These organisms are ubiquitous in nature.

Answer 1

MICROBIOLOGY

Question 2

example of microbes or microorganisms

Answer 2

 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Algae
 Protozoa

Question 3

major categories of microbes

Answer 3

acellular

cellular

Question 4

mechanism by which microbes inherit genes

Answer 4

Microbial genetics

Question 5

structure and function (expression) of genes

Answer 5

Molecular biology

Question 6

inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in
human cells

Answer 6

Gene therapy:

Question 7

In the ____ new discoveries in
microbiology led to the development of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering

Answer 7

1970

Question 8

studies the system of body defenses that protects against infection.

Answer 8

Immunology

Question 9

aim to monitor and control
the spread of diseases in communities

Answer 9

Public health microbiology and
epidemiology

Question 10

examine the ecological and practical roles of microbes in
food and water

Answer 10

Food microbiology, dairy microbiology,
and aquatic microbiology

Question 11

is The relationships concerned with
between microbes and crops, with an emphasis on improving yields and combating plant diseases.

Answer 11

Agricultural microbiology

Question 12

includes any process in which humans use the metabolism of living things to arrive at a desired
product, ranging from bread making to gene therapy

Answer 12

Biotechnology

Question 13

is concerned with the uses of microbes to produce or harvest large
quantities of substances such as beer, vitamins,
amino acids, drugs, and enzymes

Answer 13

Industrial microbiology

Question 14

involve techniques that deliberately alter the genetic makeup of organisms to mass- produce human hormones and other drugs, create totally novel substances, and develop organisms with unique methods of synthesis and adaptation.
* This is the most powerful and rapidly growing area in modern microbiology

Answer 14

Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

Question 15

5 kingdoms of organisms

Answer 15

 the Monera or Procaryotae - bacteria

 Protista – protozoa and microalgae ; nutritional modes are continuous

 Fungi – yeasts and molds

 Animalia, and

 Plantae – green plants and higher algae

Question 16

*classification scheme

domain bacteria

Answer 16

Unicellular prokaryotes with
cell wall containing peptidoglycan

Question 17

*what are the KINGDOMS IN

Domain Archaea

Answer 17

prokaryotes (monera/prokaryotae)

Question 18

*what are the KINGDOMS IN

Domain Eukarya

Answer 18

all eukaryotes
* Kingdom Animalia
* Kingdom Plantae
* Kingdom Fungi
* Kingdom Protista

Question 19

Penicillin is made by the mold called

Answer 19

Penicillium notatum

Question 20

HOW MICROORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE (3)

Answer 20

 Use nutrients needed by cells and
tissues
 Damage cells directly
 Produce toxins

Question 21

Transmission of MO

Answer 21

 Direct contact
 Indirect contact

Question 22

knowledge of MOs allows humans to

Answer 22

1. Prevent disease occurrence
2. Prevent food spoilage
3. Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

Question 23

concept that all living organisms are made up of cells
* they recognized that all cells from any organism are similar in structure

 All living things are made up of cells.
 Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Answer 23

cell theory

Question 24

-The belief that life could originate from non- living or decomposing matter

-Theory that life just “spontaneously” developed from non-living matter

Answer 24

Spontaneous Generation
(a.k.a Abiogenesis)

Question 25

life originated from “pre existing life only”

Answer 25

BIOGENESIS

Question 26

two different types of bacteria

Answer 26

a) Heat sensitive or heat labile forms (vegetative cells) b) Heat resistant types known as an endospore

Question 27

type of bacteria that is easily destroyed by boiling

Answer 27

Heat sensitive or heat labile forms (vegetative cells)

Question 28

what theory states that infectious diseases are caused by microbes.

Answer 28

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Question 29

KOCH’S POSTULATES (4)

Answer 29

 The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals  The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form  When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same disease must occur  The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host

Question 30

EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES (4)

Answer 30

1. Microorganisms that are unable to be cultured on artificial media 2. When 2 or more organism work in synergy to cause a disease. 3. Symptoms or diseases that can be caused by several microbes. 4. Ethical exceptions.

Question 31

what do you call when Symptoms develop rapidly and tend to be more severe

Answer 31

Acute disease:

Question 32

Disease develops slowly and are less severe

Answer 32

Chronic disease:

Question 33

Symptoms between acute and chronic

Answer 33

Subacute disease:

Question 34

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

Answer 34

Latent disease:

Question 35

Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened (or attenuated) forms of microorganisms, that would otherwise cause disease, to provide protection, or active immunity from disease upon later exposure

Answer 35

VACCINATION

Question 36

chicken cholera caused by

Answer 36

Pasteurella multocida

Question 37

two types of microorganisms:

Answer 37

 Prokaryotes  Eukaryotes(eu- good or true ; karyon – nut )

Question 38

type od MO that have a relatively simple morphology and lack a true membrane-bound nucleus  Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus  Do not have structures surrounded by membranes  Few internal structures  One-celled organisms - Bacteria  DNA is a single circular chromosome  Have both cell (plasma) membrane AND cell wall

Answer 38

Prokaryotes

Question 39

type of MO that are morphologically complex and have a true, membrane-bound nucleus  Contain organelles surrounded by membranes  Most living organisms- fungi, algae, protozoa, animal cells, and plant cells  Cells have nuclei that contains DNA and are complex  Most cells do NOT have a cell wall

Answer 39

Eukaryotes

Question 40

 Resembles eukaryotes  Found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

Answer 40

ARCHAEBACTERIA

Question 41

◆ Unicellular fungi, nonfilamentous, typically oval or spherical cells. Reproduce by binary fission, budding, or spores e.g. Candida albicans

Answer 41

YEASTS

Question 42

◆ Multicellular, filamentous fungi ◆ Identified by physical appearance, colony characteristics, and reproductive spores.

Answer 42

Molds

Question 43

 Possess one type of nucleic acid – either DNA or RNA  Can’t be cultivated on ordinary media  Utilize the metabolic systems or apparatus of their host  No true cellular organization  Some are enclosed by an envelope  Some have spikes  Most infect only specific types of cells in one host  Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors - infect all major groups of organisms: - vertebrates - Invertebrates - plants - fungi - bacteria

Answer 43

Viruses (Latin virus, poison or venom)

Question 44

 Plant Viruses  are infectious RNA molecules ; potato spindle tuber disease  Plant viruses enter through wounds or via insects

Answer 44

Viroids

Question 45

are “infectious proteins”  They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins  They have no DNA or RNA “PrP” main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases

Answer 45

PRIONS