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V. Micro 151 > 1 The History and Scope of Microbiology > Flashcards

1 The History and Scope of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

 Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
 Derived from the Greek word “ mikros ” - ‘small’ , “ bios ” - ‘life’ and “logy” – study of.
 These organisms are ubiquitous in nature.

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

example of microbes or microorganisms

A

 Viruses
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Algae
 Protozoa

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3
Q

major categories of microbes

A

acellular

cellular

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4
Q

mechanism by which microbes inherit genes

A

Microbial genetics

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5
Q

structure and function (expression) of genes

A

Molecular biology

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6
Q

inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in
human cells

A

Gene therapy:

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7
Q

In the ____ new discoveries in
microbiology led to the development of recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering

A

1970

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8
Q

studies the system of body defenses that protects against infection.

A

Immunology

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9
Q

aim to monitor and control
the spread of diseases in communities

A

Public health microbiology and
epidemiology

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10
Q

examine the ecological and practical roles of microbes in
food and water

A

Food microbiology, dairy microbiology,
and aquatic microbiology

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11
Q

is The relationships concerned with
between microbes and crops, with an emphasis on improving yields and combating plant diseases.

A

Agricultural microbiology

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12
Q

includes any process in which humans use the metabolism of living things to arrive at a desired
product, ranging from bread making to gene therapy

A

Biotechnology

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13
Q

is concerned with the uses of microbes to produce or harvest large
quantities of substances such as beer, vitamins,
amino acids, drugs, and enzymes

A

Industrial microbiology

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14
Q

involve techniques that deliberately alter the genetic makeup of organisms to mass- produce human hormones and other drugs, create totally novel substances, and develop organisms with unique methods of synthesis and adaptation.
* This is the most powerful and rapidly growing area in modern microbiology

A

Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

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15
Q

5 kingdoms of organisms

A

 the Monera or Procaryotae - bacteria

 Protista – protozoa and microalgae ; nutritional modes are continuous

 Fungi – yeasts and molds

 Animalia, and

 Plantae – green plants and higher algae

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16
Q

*classification scheme

domain bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryotes with
cell wall containing peptidoglycan

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17
Q

*what are the KINGDOMS IN

Domain Archaea

A

prokaryotes (monera/prokaryotae)

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18
Q

*what are the KINGDOMS IN

Domain Eukarya

A

all eukaryotes
* Kingdom Animalia
* Kingdom Plantae
* Kingdom Fungi
* Kingdom Protista

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19
Q

Penicillin is made by the mold called

A

Penicillium notatum

20
Q

HOW MICROORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE (3)

A

 Use nutrients needed by cells and
tissues
 Damage cells directly
 Produce toxins

21
Q

Transmission of MO

A

 Direct contact
 Indirect contact

22
Q

knowledge of MOs allows humans to

A
  1. Prevent disease occurrence
  2. Prevent food spoilage
  3. Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.
23
Q

concept that all living organisms are made up of cells
* they recognized that all cells from any organism are similar in structure

 All living things are made up of cells.
 Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

A

cell theory

24
Q

-The belief that life could originate from non- living or decomposing matter

-Theory that life just “spontaneously” developed from non-living matter

A

Spontaneous Generation
(a.k.a Abiogenesis)

25
Q

life originated from “pre existing life only”

A

BIOGENESIS

26
Q

two different types of bacteria

A

a) Heat sensitive or heat labile forms (vegetative cells)

b) Heat resistant types known as an endospore

27
Q

type of bacteria that is easily destroyed by boiling

A

Heat sensitive or heat labile forms (vegetative cells)

28
Q

what theory states that infectious diseases are caused by microbes.

A

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

29
Q

KOCH’S POSTULATES (4)

A

 The causative (etiological) agent must be present in all affected organisms but absent in healthy individuals

 The agent must be capable of being isolated and cultured in pure form

 When the cultured agent is introduced to a healthy organism, the same disease must occur

 The same causative agent must be isolated again from the affected host

30
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO KOCH’S POSTULATES (4)

A
  1. Microorganisms that are unable to be cultured on artificial media
  2. When 2 or more organism work in synergy to cause a disease.
  3. Symptoms or diseases that can be caused by several microbes.
  4. Ethical exceptions.
31
Q

what do you call when Symptoms develop rapidly and tend to be more severe

A

Acute disease:

32
Q

Disease develops slowly and are less severe

A

Chronic disease:

33
Q

Symptoms between acute and chronic

A

Subacute disease:

34
Q

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

A

Latent disease:

35
Q

Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened (or attenuated) forms of microorganisms, that would otherwise cause disease, to provide protection, or active immunity from disease upon later exposure

A

VACCINATION

36
Q

chicken cholera caused by

A

Pasteurella multocida

37
Q

two types of microorganisms:

A

 Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes(eu- good or true ; karyon – nut )

38
Q

type od MO that have a relatively simple morphology and lack
a true membrane-bound nucleus

 Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus
 Do not have structures surrounded by membranes
 Few internal structures
 One-celled organisms - Bacteria
 DNA is a single circular chromosome
 Have both cell (plasma) membrane AND cell wall

A

Prokaryotes

39
Q

type of MO that are morphologically complex and have a true, membrane-bound nucleus

 Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
 Most living organisms- fungi, algae, protozoa, animal cells, and plant cells
 Cells have nuclei that contains DNA and are complex
 Most cells do NOT have a cell wall

A

Eukaryotes

40
Q

 Resembles eukaryotes
 Found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions

A

ARCHAEBACTERIA

41
Q

◆ Unicellular fungi, nonfilamentous, typically oval or spherical cells. Reproduce by binary fission, budding, or spores
e.g. Candida albicans

A

YEASTS

42
Q

◆ Multicellular, filamentous fungi
◆ Identified by physical appearance, colony characteristics, and reproductive spores.

A

Molds

43
Q

 Possess one type of nucleic acid – either DNA or RNA
 Can’t be cultivated on ordinary media
 Utilize the metabolic systems or apparatus of their host
 No true cellular organization

 Some are enclosed by an envelope
 Some have spikes
 Most infect only specific types of cells in one host
 Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors
- infect all major groups of
organisms:
- vertebrates
- Invertebrates
- plants
- fungi
- bacteria

A

Viruses
(Latin virus, poison or venom)

44
Q

 Plant Viruses
 are infectious RNA molecules ; potato spindle tuber disease
 Plant viruses enter through wounds or via insects

A

Viroids

45
Q

are “infectious proteins”
 They are normal body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins
 They have no DNA or RNA
“PrP” main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases

A

PRIONS

V. Micro 151 (10 decks)

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