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Chemistry: Ch.3 Elements and Compounds > 6. Metals and Non-Metals > Flashcards

6. Metals and Non-Metals Flashcards

1
Q

element

A

pure substance made up of same type of atoms

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2
Q

Total no. of elements

A

118 (94 are natural)

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3
Q

Property of some large elements

A

they break down spontaneously as they are radioactive

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4
Q

Modern Periodic Table

A

arrangement of elements in tabular form to make studying elements easier

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5
Q

What gave rise to the Bronze age

A

making alloys of tin and copper (which have relatively low melting points)

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6
Q

what gave rise to the iron age

A

discovery that metals like iron and copper can be mass produced

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7
Q

smelting

A

process of extracting metals from their ore

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8
Q

ore

A

naturally occuring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted profitably

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9
Q

free state

A

existing as an element, not a compound

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10
Q

minerals

A

since metals usually donate ions and form cations they are very reactive and exist in nature as compounds called minerals

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11
Q

native form of metals

A

pure metallic form or alloys

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12
Q

Silver and coppers’ occurrence in nature

A

found in large amounts in their free states

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13
Q

Chromium, Titanium, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Cadmium, Nickel’s occurences in nature

A
  • also sometimes occur in their free states due to natural chemical processes which reduce ore to metallic state
  • found in smaller quantites
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14
Q

Potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium’s occurences in nature

A

highly reactive and only exist as minerals

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15
Q

where are majority of metals obtained from

A

Earth’s crust

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16
Q

Most abundant metal in Earth’s crust

A

Aluminium

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17
Q

Most abundant metal in sea water

A

Sodium (+Magnesium, Potassium, Calcium)

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18
Q

Non - metals

A

elements that accept electrons to form negatively charged ions (anions)

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19
Q

where are non-metals found

A

Earth’s atmosphere, crust, oceans

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20
Q

what metal exists in both a free and combined state and how

A
  • Oxygen
  • exists as oxides of compounds (COMBINED)
  • oxygen in the atmosphere exists in a free state
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21
Q

Most abundant non-metal in Earth’s crust

A

oxygen

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22
Q

most abundant non-metals in seawater

A

Chlorine + Bromine

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23
Q

Noble gases (6)

A
  • (exist only in their free state)
  • Helium, Neon, Xenon, Krypton, Radon, Argon

(NAHRKX)

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24
Q

Metalloids/ Semi-Metals

A

elements that exhibit properties that are in between those of metals and non-metals

(form a stair step line separating the metals from the non metals)

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25
Q

Metalloids (8)

A

Boron
Silicon
Germanium
Arsenic
Polonium
Antimony
Tellurium
Astatine

(SAPTA BAG)

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26
Q

Properties of metalloids

A
  • all solids, brittle, dull/shiny
  • usually malleable and ductile
  • partial conductors of electricity
  • Chemically they behave more like non metals BUT chemical behaviour depends on substance they are reacting with
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27
Q

Example of metalloid changing chemical behaviour

A

Ex - Boron with Sodium reacts like a non - metal
Boron with fluorine reacts like a metal

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28
Q

properties of noble gases

A
  • colorless and odourless
  • monoatomic
  • all conduct electricity and fluoresce, i.e they emit a gloww
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29
Q

corrosion

A

slow destruction or damage of metals by chemical action

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30
Q

examples of oxidation reactions (3) where metal corrodes due to chemical reaction

A

rusting of iron
green coating on copper
blackening of silver

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31
Q

what makes noble metals different from other metals?

A

they do not generally corrode and retain their lustre even after several years

32
Q

what is patina

A
  • copper reacts with atmospheric gases in the presence of moisture and forms basic copper carbonate (CuCO3) and copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2]
  • this can be seen as a green deposit formed on copper articles and is called patina
33
Q

what diminishes green tarnish on copper/patina

A

rubbing lemon/tamarind

34
Q

formula for formation of green coating

A

Copper + Water + Carbon Dioxide + Oxygen - Copper Carbonate & Copper Hydroxide (Green deposit)

35
Q

What does blackish brown copper oxide do?

A

sometimes copper corrodes and fors a layer of blackish brown copper oxide
this layer protects copper from further corrosion

36
Q

How does aluminium react with air?

What is the property of aluminium oxide?

A
  • forms layer of aluminium oxide on its surface
  • this layer of Al2O3 prevents further corrosion of aluminium present under the surface
37
Q

why does silver turn black after being exposed to air for a while

A
  • due to reaction of silver and sulphur compounds present in the air and formation of silver sulphate
38
Q

what color is silver sulphate (Ag2SO4)

A

black

39
Q

rust (4 keywords)

A

pure iron reacts slowly with atmospheric oxygen to in the presence of moisture to form a brown compound known as rust

40
Q

rusting

A

process of formation of rust

41
Q

give two properties of rust [Iron (III) Oxide]

A
  • soft and porous
  • rust comes off easily and exposes inner pure iron to air for further rusting (hence this kind of corrosion leads to weakening of metal)
42
Q

word reaction for Rust formation

A

Iron + Water + Oxygen - Hydrated ferric oxide (Rust)

43
Q

What factors affect rusting of iron?

A
  • Water presence
  • Exposure to air
  • Condition of Iron

(if submerged in water, then Condition of Water)

44
Q

is rust acidic or basic in nature?

A

Basic (red litmus paper turns blue, blue litmus paper stays the same)

45
Q

what is fascinating about Qutub Minar

A

7.2 metres tall and stands rust free even after 1600 years (prime evidence of ancient Indian chemical engineers who had advanced knowledge of rusting)

46
Q

what are some ways of prevention of rust?

A

Oiling and greasing
Painting
Enamelling

Galvanisation
Tinning
Electroplating

Alloying

Anti - Rust solution

47
Q

what two liquids are applied as paint to prevent contact with air on iron

A

Red Lead Oxide Paint

Tar ( thick black water resistant)

48
Q

what is enamelling?

A

coating a mixture of ground glass, clay and water on iron at high temperatures

49
Q

what is galvanisation

A

coating iron with a layer of zinc

50
Q

what is the principle of galvanisation?

A
  • zinc is more reactive than iron, so when in contact with air, it reacts first to form zinc oxide
  • this protects the iron inside
51
Q

why is galvanisation not used in food containers

A
  • food materials are mostly acidic in nature
  • react with zinc to produce a poisonous substance
  • tinning is the most preferable method
52
Q

two properties of tin which make it useful for tinning

A
  • corrosion resistant metal (noble metal)
  • non - toxic
53
Q

how is the process of tinning carried out

A
  • wrought iron sheets are dipped in molten tin and then used to make cans, boxes, etc
54
Q

what happens in electroplating

A
  • non- corrosive metals (tin, chromium, nickel) are made too form a thin coating on the iron object using electric current
  • this also enhances look of the object
55
Q

what act as anti - rust solutions?

A

Alkaline phosphates/ alkaline chromates

56
Q

what happens when an iron article is boiled in anti-rust solution

A

film of iron phosphate/chromate is formed which protects it from rusting

57
Q

general uses of metals

A
  • due to their hardness and strength, they are used in construction of machinery, bridges, buildings
  • metals are sonorous and hence used for making bells
58
Q

3 general uses of iron

A
  • biologically, iron in our blood carries oxygen around
  • iron beams provide support for buildings
  • iron is used to make parts for a variety of machinery
59
Q

types of iron based on carbon content

A

wrought iron (less than 0.1% of carbon)
- soft and ductile
- railings, electromagnets, nails and bolts

pig iron (cast iron) - 2-4% of carbon
- drain pipes, manhole lids, sanitary fittings

steel 2% carbon
- high tensile strength
- rails, bridges, buildings, ships, automobiles, etc.

60
Q

what is pig iron also called and why

A

cast iron
it easily forms cheap cast

61
Q

what are gold and silver used for

A
  • artificial teeth and filling teeth cavities
  • used to make jewellery because they are SHINY

gold: thin films are used on satellites (temperature control) to reflect infrared radiation + mobile phones

silver: make electrodes and in electroplating

62
Q

what is copper used for

A
  • (good conductor) electrical transmission wires, coils of electric motors, generators
  • utensils, coins, jewellery
  • electroplated coating + pipes for plumbing
63
Q

what is aluminium used for?

A
  • foils and cans for food, beverages, utensils, doors, furniture
  • electrical transmission wires (cheaper than copper)
  • bodies of aircraft, automobiles, machine parts,
  • being anti - corrosive, it is used in anti-rust paint
  • very good reflector, used to make concave mirrors for astronomical telescopes
64
Q

what is zinc used for

A
  • boosts our immune system
  • galvanisation of iron
  • alloys such as brass and german silver
  • extraction on metals
65
Q

what is lead used for

A
  • (heavy toxic metal) good absorber of radiation ( used in car batteries)
  • protective shielding from X-rays and radioactive radiation
  • alloys (solder and type metal)
  • sanitary fittings ( does not react with impure water, or mild acids/alkalis)
66
Q

what is magnesium used for

A
  • helps in human metabolism
  • used in fireworks since it produces a bright white dazzling light
  • alloys used in aeroplanes and cars
67
Q

use of tungsten

A

(highest melting point) used as filament in electric bulbs

68
Q

use of sodium and pottasium

A
  • make strong bases and used in the manufacture of soap and salts
69
Q

use of calcium

A
  • makes our bones and teeth strong
  • used in alloys for special uses
70
Q

use of mercury

A
  • used as the liquid in thermometers
  • used as an amalgam in dental fillings
71
Q

use of platinum

A
  • jewellery, electrodes, crucibles
  • catalyst for many chemical processes
72
Q

what is goitre and how is it caused

A

iodine deficiency

it is a prominent swelling in the front of the neck

73
Q

what are general uses of metalloids

A
  • making transistors, computer chips, and other electronic devices
  • metalloids are used to make glass
  • used with metals to make alloys as they add strength
  • make heat and flame resistant objects
74
Q

what is boron used for

A

binding agents in magents

75
Q

what is silicon used for

A
  • makes silicon chips
  • makes silicone which has various uses
  • silicon dioxide is useful for domestic glassware
76
Q

what is antimony used for?

A
  • batteries, bullets, lead shots, musical instruments
77
Q

what is germanium used for?

A

transistors and thermal imaging cameras

Chemistry: Ch.3 Elements and Compounds (4 decks)

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