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Human Geography > 6. Language > Flashcards

6. Language Flashcards

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1
Q

language

A

is a set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication. language is also an integral part of culture, reflecting and shaping it

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2
Q

mutual intelligibility

A

two people can understand each other when speaking

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3
Q

standard language

A

published, widely distributed, and purposely taught

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4
Q

dialects

A

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

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5
Q

syntax

A

way words are put together to form phrases

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6
Q

cadence

A

rhythm of speech

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7
Q

dialect chains

A

dialects nearest to each other geographically will be the most similar (greater spatial interaction), but as you travel across space, the dialects become less intelligible to each other because less interaction occurs

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8
Q

isogloss

A

geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but such a boundary is rarely a simple line

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9
Q

language families

A

each family encompasses multiple languages that have a shared but fairly distant origin

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10
Q

subfamilies

A

(divisions within a language family) where the commonalities are more definite and their orgin is more recent

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11
Q

cognate

A

a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word

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12
Q

Proto-Indo-European

A

1st major linguistic hypothesis, proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language…which is this one

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13
Q

language divergence

A

occurs when spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks down and the language fragments first into dialects and then into discrete tongues

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14
Q

backward reconstruction

A

tracking shifting consonants and cognates back in an effort to reconstruct elements of a prior common language

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15
Q

language convergence

A

collapse of 2 languages into one

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16
Q

extinct language

A

occurs when all descendants perish or when descendants choose to use another language, abandoning the language of their ancestors

17
Q

conquest theory

A

holds that early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread from east to west on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues

18
Q

agricultural theory

A

proposes that Proto-Indo-European spread with the diffusion of agriculture

19
Q

romance languages

A

(french, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese) lie in the areas of Europe that were once controlled by the Roman Empire

20
Q

germanic languages

A

(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south

21
Q

Slavic languages

A

(Russian, polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago

22
Q

lingua franca

A

a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce. can be a single language or a mixture of two or more

23
Q

pidgin language

A

when people speaking 2 or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their language in a simplified structure and vocabulary

24
Q

Creole language

A

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary that has become the native language of a group of people

25
Q

multilingualism

A

use of more than one language be sectors of the population

26
Q

monolingual states

A

countries where almost everyone speaks the same language

27
Q

multilingual states

A

countries in which more than one language is in use

28
Q

official language

A

adopted in an effort to promote communication and interaction among peoples who speak different local and regional languages

29
Q

global language

A

a common language of trade and commerce used around the world

30
Q

place

A

a unique location and constitutesba reflection of human activities, ideas, and tangible, durable creations

31
Q

toponyms

A

place names. often refer to the social processes going on, these may determine whether a toponym is passed down or changed, how people will interpret the history of a place, and how the people will see a place

Human Geography (5 decks)

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