6. Intro to Infectious Disease MT2 Flashcards
what are the different pathogenic microorganisms
- bacteria
- virus
- parasite
- fungi
what are the four ways pathogens are spread
- person to person
- vector to person
- environment to person
- persons own flora
this is a s/s of infection; is lower in the morning and higher in the night. may also be caused by malignancy, autoimmune disease, physiological distress, medications especially antipsychotics
fever
this is a s/s of infection; due to the fact that infections can cause mobilization of lymphocytes and granulocytes. may also Bec aused by inflammatory disorders, physiological stress, malignancy, and drugs especially corticosteroids
increased WBCs
acute phase reactants is a s/s of infection: what are the three acute phase reactants
erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR)
c- reactive protein (CRP)
procalcitonin
this acute phase reactant can show inflammatory activity in the body, measures the distance RBCs fall in a test tube within an hours.
ESR
true or false: the farther the RBCs have fallen the greater the inflammatory response of the immune system
true
this acute phase reactant is made in the liver and levels increase when there is inflammation in the body
CRP
this acute phase reactant is a biomarker that is release in response to bacterial infections. can be used to differentiate the etiology of infectious processes.
procalcitonin
is this a gram positive cocci or gram positive bacilli?
enterococcus (e.g. E. faecalis, E. faecium)
gram positive cocci
is this a gram positive cocci or gram positive bacilli?
listeria
gram positive bacili
is this a gram positive cocci or gram positive bacilli?
streptococci (e.g. pneumonococcus, viridans)
gram positive cocci
is this a gram positive cocci or gram positive bacilli?
staphylococci (e.g. s. aureus, s. epidermidis)
gram postive cocci
is this a gram positive cocci or gram positive bacilli?
corynebacterium
gram positive bacili
what is used to treat MSSA
cloxacillin, cephalexin, cefazolin
what is used to treat hospital acquired MRSA
vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid
what is used to treat community acquired MRSA
clindamycin, TMP/SMX, doxycycline
what is used to treat penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae
penicillin or ampicillin
what is used to treat penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae
3rd gen cephalosporins(not ceftazidime), vancomycin, Fas (not cipro)
what is used to treat enterococcus
ampicillin or vancomycin
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
serratia, salmonella, shigella
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
enterobacter, citrobacter, proteus
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
E. coli and klebsiella
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
pseudomonas
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
moraxella
gram negative cocci
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
mogranella and Providencia
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
camphylobacter
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
heliobacter
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
legionella
gram negative bacilli
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
neisseria (e.g. N. meningiditis, N. gonorrhoea)
gram negative cocci
is this a gram negative cocci or gram negative bacilli?
haemophilus
gram negative bacilli (coccobacilli)
what is used to treat easy to kill gram negative cocci/bacilli
amoxicillin, amoxi/clav, macrolides, 2nd gen cephalosporins
what is used to treat hard to kill gram negative cocci/bacilli (SPACE organisms)
pip/tazo, 3rd/4th gen cephalosporins, carbapenems
what group do these pathogens fall under?
peptococcus, peptostreptococcus, bactericides, fusobacterium and prevotella
anaerobes
this is the presence of organisms without an inflammatory response
colonization
this is the presence of organisms usually acquired during specimen sampling without the evidence of host inflammatory response
contamination
this is the presence of one or more organisms that initiate a host inflammatory response
infection
why should a blood culture be done in acutely ill febrile patients BEFORE antibiotics are given
if administer antibiotics before blood culture, the blood culture will become inaccurate
true or false: the skin, oropharynx, nose, ears, throat and perineum are heavily colonized with a variety of bacteria
true
this is the lowest anticrobial concentration that prevents visible growth of an organism after approx 24 hours of incubation on a specific growth medium
minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
how is antimicrobial therapy selected before the cultures come back
empiric therapy is given to cover all the bases before the culture results become available
what are some important things to keep in mind regarding antimicrobial selection for a patient
- patient history: previous Abx use (switch agent and class from last 3 months to minimize resistance), site of infection
- host factors: abx allergy, age, pregnancy, organ function, concomitant drugs, medical conditions
- drug factors: pharmacodynamics (drug does to body) and pharmacokinetics (body does to drug), tissue penetration, PAE, time/conc. dependant
this kind of drugs exert optimal bactericidal effect when drug concentrations are maintained above the MIC; higher concentrations do not result in greater kill of an organism; tend to have little to none PAE
time dependant ABx
this kind of drug achieve increased bacterial killing with increased concentration of drug. these agents have PAE therefore effect occurs even when concentration goes below MIC.
concentration dependant ABx
this is persistent suppression of bacterial growth that occurs after the drug has been removed in vitro or cleared by drug metabolism in vivo. often seen in ahminoglycosides
post antibiotic effect (PAE)
this type of antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth; killing of the organism depends on host defence mechanisms
bacteriostatic
this type of antibiotic depends less on host factors and are preferred in immunocompromised patients. necessary in severe and life-threatening infections
bactericidal
