6 - Innate and adaptive immunity

Question 1

Why do lymph nodes swell

Answer 1

The virus antigen in the tissue fluid drains to the nearest lymph node. The lymphocytes recognise the shape and proliferate and generate an immune response. The proliferation causes the node to swell

Question 2

Normal size of lymph nodes

Answer 2

broad bean

Question 3

What may a single swollen lymph node be a sign of

Answer 3

May be a cancer of the blood

Question 4

Describe the shingles virus?

Answer 4

He already had this virus in his system. This virus had previously caused chicken pox. The virus has integrated some of its DNA into our nerve cells. A stress event (scratch) can cause the virus to reactivate and the DNA starts to multiply and create more virus that bud off from the nerve and infect more cells causing an acute local inflammation

Question 5

latent virus

Answer 5

virus integrates some of its dna into our cells

Question 6

Do all infections come from the outside?

Answer 6

No. Some are within us and become activated after being latent for some time

Question 7

Secondary lymphoid organs act as … and …

Answer 7

filters and immune response factories

Question 8

Does repeated infection improve resistance for innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 8

Yes for adaptive no for innate

Question 9

What do BVs and lymphatics do?

Answer 9

Bring antigens IN to secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, nodes..) and take immune effectors out

Question 10

How is the adaptive immune system activated?

Answer 10

By activation of lymphocytes and is improved by repeated exposure to antigen

Question 11

How do most pathogens enter the body and what are the consequences of this?

Answer 11

Most pathogens enter the body by epithelial surfaces i.e. at the nasopharynx, gut, lung, GI tract and so there are heafty defenses at these sites
Most pathogens can’t get past the protective biophysical barrier of the skin

Question 12

Why are burn victims a big concern for infection

Answer 12

Remove the skin biophysical innate defense so very susceptible to infection

Question 13

All blood cells develop from…

Answer 13

BM stem cells

Haematopoeisis

Question 14

Tcells

Answer 14

made in BM like other blood cells but develop in the thymus P

Question 15

Platelets develop from

Answer 15

megakaryocytes

Question 16

Where is the thymus

Answer 16

Under the sternum

Question 17

Do b and t cells look the same

Answer 17

Yes but different functions

Question 18

primary compared to secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 18

1 - made
2 - see shapes/epitopes and respond here
Are exported from 1 to 2

Question 19

Do innate immune response recognise antigen/shapes or just biochemical and physical

Answer 19

Yes they do - phagocytes and NK cells

Question 20

What do blood cells develop from

Answer 20

Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells under the influence of microenvironmental factors such as cell surface molecules, cytokines and hormones

Question 21

Are platelets cells

Answer 21

No they are cellular components created by megakaryocytes in the marrow
Megakaryocytes stay in BM and pinch off small portions of cytoplasm that contain clotting factors and release them into the bloodstream as platelets

Question 22

What pathway forms the blood cells

Answer 22

myeloid differentiation pathway

Question 23

What do RBCs derive from

Answer 23

Reticulocytes - have nuclei but RBCs dont

Question 24

How many lineages of blood cells are there

Answer 24

4
Myeloid pathway > WBCS
megakaryocytes > platelets
reticulocytes > rbcs 
lymphoid > lymphocytes

Question 25

What cannot function as an antigen for the IS

Answer 25

Virtually nothing can’t function as an antigen as long as it is BIG enough to have antigenic epitopes that can be recognised by the IS i.e. most of a persons molecular structures can act as antigen in someone elses body (transplantation rejection i.e.)

Question 26

Repertoire of antigenic shapes the IS can recognise

Answer 26

very large

microbes, dust, chemicals, human cells