6 Inheritance variation and evolution - Seperate Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe how malarial parasites use both forms of reproduction.

A

Reproduce asexually in the human host, but sexually in the mosquito.

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2
Q

Describe how fungi use both forms of reproduction.

A

Reproduce asexually by spores but also reproduce sexually to give variation.

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3
Q

Describe how plants use both forms of reproduction.

A

Runners such as strawberry plants, or bulb division such as daffodils.

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4
Q

Name the three parts of a DNA molecule.

A

A phosphate group, a sugar molecule and a nucleotide base

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5
Q

Name the four nucleotides found in DNA.

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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6
Q

How many bases code for a particular amino acid?

A

3

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7
Q

What is a set of three nucleotide bases called?

A

A codon

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8
Q

Which cell organelle synthesises proteins?

A

Ribosomes.

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9
Q

How is the protein sequence correctly assembled?

A

Using a template molecule from the DNA.

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10
Q

What brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes?

A

Carrier molecules.

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11
Q

When the protein chain is complete, what process aids it to form its unique shape?

A

Folding.

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12
Q

Name three uses of proteins in the body.

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. Hormones
  3. Structural proteins e.g. collagen
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13
Q

What is a change in the DNA sequence called?

A

A mutation.

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14
Q

Name three potential consequences for a protein of a mutation.

A
  1. No change or a slight change so no effect on the protein
  2. Altered protein, so an enzyme may stop working
  3. Mutation within a non-coding region nearby to a gene may affect the expression (production) of a protein
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15
Q

What is plant tissue culture?

A

Using small groups of cells from part of a plant to grow identical new plants.

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16
Q

What are ?plant cuttings??

A

An older, but simple, method used by gardeners to produce many identical new plants from a parent plant.

17
Q

Where might plant cloning be useful?

A

Horticulture and agriculture.

18
Q

Describe the two steps involved in embryo transplanting.

A

Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers.

19
Q

Compare the offspring from embryo transplants with each other and with the parents.

A

Genetically identical to each other; Different from parents

20
Q

State a disadvantage to cloning plants and animals.

A

Reduces genetic variation, so makes populations more susceptible to disease.

21
Q

In adult cell cloning, what is removed from the cloning target’s cell, in order to create its clone?

A

Nucleus

22
Q

What type of cell is taken from the target clone in adult cell cloning?

A

Any body cell (except gametes)

23
Q

What has to be done to the egg cell in adult cell cloning?

A

Remove its nucleus

24
Q

What is needed to stimulate the new egg cell to divide in adult cell cloning?

A

Electric shock

25
Q

Compare the offspring in adult cell cloning to both its parents.

A

Genetically identical to nucleus donor; different from the egg cell donor

26
Q

Name the person who first discovered inherited characteristics are determined by ‘units’ passed on unchanged.

A

Gregor Mendel

27
Q

Why were Mendel’s ideas of inheritance not accepted during his time?

A

As chromosomes were not discovered/seen yet

28
Q

Who published the double helix structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

29
Q

Watson and Crick used whose work to find out the structure of DNA?

A

Franklin and Wilkins (but without Franklin’s permission)

30
Q

Name the person who proposed the theory of evolution.

A

Charles Darwin

31
Q

Name the person who suggested changes that occur in an organism during its lifetime can be inherited.

A

(Jean-Baptiste) Lamarck

32
Q

On what mechanism is Darwin’s theory of evolution based on?

A

Natural selection

33
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

All species have evolved from simple life forms

34
Q

State three reasons why Darwin?s ideas were only slowly accepted.

A
  1. Conflict with the wild belief that God made all living things; 2. Insufficient evidence; 3. No mechanism to explain variation and inheritance
35
Q

Who worked with Darwin to develop the theory of evolution?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

36
Q

Apart from evolution, what are two other studies Wallace worked on?

A

Warning colouration in animals + Theory of speciation

37
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process by which two species evolve from a single original species by natural selection

38
Q

Give the six steps in the process of speciation.

A
  1. Geographical isolation (e.g. a flood divides an island in two)
  2. Different selection pressures/conditions in the new environments
  3. Genetic variation (due to mutations) within the groups
  4. Best adapted individuals to the new conditions survive, reproduce and pass on these favourable alleles
  5. No interbreeding over time, groups become more different to each other
  6. After a large amount of time, unable to interbreed successfully. They are now separate species.