6 Human Health and physiology 1 13/13 Flashcards
6.2.1 Draw and label a diagram of the heart showing the four chambers, associated blood vessels, valves, and the route of blood through the heart.
do so 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
6.2.2 Sate that the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with______ and ________.
the coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients.
6.2.3 Explain the action of the heart in terms of collecting blood, pumping blood, and opening and closing of valves.
- Diastole: heart relaxes, semi lunar valves close, blood flows into left from the lungs and right atria from the body, atrio-ventricular valves are closed
- Late Diastole: pressure of blood returning to the heart and filling the atria is now high enough to open the atrio-ventricular valves, Ventricles begin to fill with blood
- Atrial systole: Both atria contract, Pressure of blood increases, Blood flow into the ventricle, filling this chamber and causing the ventricle wall to stretch
- Ventricular Systole: The ventricle contracts, high pressure in ventricles cause atrio-ventricular valve to close, when pressure in the ventricle is greater than the artery, semi-lunar valve opens, blood pulses into the arteries (aorta and pulmonary)
6.2.4 Outline the control of the heartbeat in terms of myogenic muscle contraction, the role of the pacemaker, nerves, the medulla of the brain and adrenaline.
myogenic: contractions of the hear muscles originate from within the heart muscle
Sino-arterial (SA) node: origin of nerve impulses which causes atrial contraction, pace maker, specialized muscle cells
SA node–> activates Atrio-ventricular (AV) node
AV node: impulse to ‘contract’ travels down the septum of the heart, insulated from ventricle muscle fibres, impulse emerges first at the apex of the heart, this causes this region to contract first, impulse now emerges higher up causing that region to contract, effect is to spread the contraction from the apex upwards, pushing blood towards the semi-lunar valves
Brain: impulses from brain stem via the parasympathetic part of the autonomous nerve system decrease, via the sympathetic nerves will increase
Hormones: adrenaline from adrenal glands near kidney increase
pacemaker can be artificial
6.2.5 Explain the relationship between the structure and the function of arteries, capillaries and veins.
Arteries: -transport blood away from the heart -carry oxygenated blood(except pulmonary artery) -have thick muscular wall but no valves -move blood at high speed -contain blood at high pressure Capillaries: -small numerous blood vessels in tissue -very thin walls to allow easy exchange of materials -move blood away at low speed -contain blood at moderate pressure Veins: -transport blood towards the heart(except hepatic portal vein) -carry de-oxygenated blood(except pulmonary vein) -have quite thin walls and valves -move blood at moderate speed -contain blood at low pressure -have valves to prevent back flow
6.2.6 Sate that blood is composed of ____, ______, _______ ( _______ and ______) and _______.
blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes (phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets.
6.2.7 State that the following are transported by the blood: _______, ________, _______, _______, ________, ____ and ____.
transported by the blood: nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, antibodies, urea and heat.
6.6.1 Draw and label diagrams of the adult male and female reproductive systems.
see book
http: //www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/reproduction/male_repro_500.jpg
http: //click4biology.info/c4b/6/images/6.6/female3.gif
6.6.2 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), oestrogen and progesterone.
FSH: produced by the pituitary gland
-stimulates follicle growth
-stimulates estrogen secretion
-stimulates progesterone secretion
-a surge of FSH concentration stimulates ovulation
LH: produced by the pituitary gland
-a surge of LH concentration stimulates ovulation
-stimulates formation of corpus luteum
Estrogen: produced by the ovary - growing follicle
-stimulates thickening of endometrium
-promotes secondary sexual characteristics in females
-inhibits secretion of FSH
-inhibits secretion of LH
Progesterone: produced by the ovary - corpus luteum (placenta during prego)
-inhibits ovulation
-maintains endometrium
-inhibits FSH
-inhibits LH
6.6.3 Annotate a gaph showing the hormone levels in the menstrual cycle, illustraing the relationship between changes in hormone levels and ovulation, menstruation and the thickness of the endometrium.
do that :P
http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/menstrual_cycle_med.jpeg
6.6.4 List three roles of testosterone in males.
produced by the testis
- Development of male genitalia in fetus
- Development of secondary sex characteristic during puberty
- Maintenance of sex drive
(4. spermatogenesis - enhances immune function
- protection against osteoporosis)
6.6.5 Outline the process of in-vitro fertilization (IVF).
weeks:
1-3: a drug is injected once a day for 3 weeks to stop the woman’s menstrual cycle
4-5: large doses of FSH are injected once a day for 10-13 days to stimulate the development of many follicles in the ovaries
5-6: HCG(a different hormone) is injected 36 hours before egg is collected to loosen the eggs from their follicles and to mature them; man provides semen by ejaculating into a cup, semen are processed via swim test to concentrate the healthiest ones; eggs are extracted from the follicles using a device insterted through the wall of the vagina; each err is mixed w/ sperm in a perti dish and incubated overnight; dishes are checked for fertilization; 2/3 embryos are selected and placed into the uterus using a catheter
beginning of 8: preg test
end 9: scan is done to see if preg is continuing normally
6.6.6 Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.
For:
-joy to the world
-previously infertile couples can have babies
-parents willing to undergo IVF most likely will make caring parents
-deliberate pregnancy (not accidental, oh crap, pregos)
-overcome infertility caused by not genetic reasons that cannot be passed on
Against:
-pass on infertility
-creation of life in a laboratory
-freezing embryos and keeping them in case they are needed
-discarding surplus embryos or using them for (stem cell) research
- the possibility of creating embryos for research
-the possibility of selecting embryos
-the potential possibility to modify embryos
-birth mother may not be genetic mother
-elderly woman can have babies (using egg cell donors)
6.4.1 Distinguish between ventilation, gas exchange and cell respiration.
Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs in two stages: inspiration and expiration. This is controlled by the diaphragm and rib cage.
Gas exchange: The exchange (diffusion) of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli in lungs and at respiring.
Cell respiration: Process by which cells make ATP in the mitochondria. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration can be used.
6.4.2 Explain the need for a ventilation system.
A ventilation system needs to maintain high concentration gradients in the alveoli.
Large animals– are therefore O2 and CO2 cannot diffuse to all cells and in as high of a quantity as needed for all cells. Blood is used as a median to move O2 in and CO2 out of the body and into specialized and efficient organ systems.
Land-borne– gases need moist surfaces to diffuse, the inside of the lungs has a moist membrane which allows for diffusion.
Large conc. gradient– b/t alveoli and blood so that CO2 leaves blood and O2 leaves alveoli
6.4.3 Describe the features of the alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange
Large total surface area– alveoli are very small (100micrometers diameter) have a round grapelike structure that maximises SA and therefore diffusion across the membranes of thin cells and membrane of capillaries (Single layer of flattened cells)
Film of moisture– needed for diffusion and helps stop the walls of the alveoli from sticking and collapsing during expiration
Dense network of capillaries: large surface area into which O2 can pass into and into the blood, maintain conc. gradient
6.4.4 Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, inclusing trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
(incl. a insert diagram of a magnified alveoli)
6.4.5 Explain the mechanism of ventilation of the lungs in terms of volume and pressure changes caused by the internal and external muscles, the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
Inhalation: External intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm contracts/drops Abdominal muscles relax Chest volume increases Pressure in lungs decreases and air enters
Exhalation: Internal intercostal muscles contract Diaphragm relaxes/rises Abdominal muscles contract Chest volume decreases Pressure in lungs increases and air is pushed out
