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Principles Physiology > 6: Feedback control of blood glucose concentration > Flashcards

6: Feedback control of blood glucose concentration Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions occurring within your body

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2
Q

What three processes make up fuel metabolism?

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

Transformation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

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3
Q

Which five hormones regulate fuel metabolism?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Growth hormone

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4
Q

Which hormone regulates metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine

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5
Q

Which organ really relies on glucose to function?

A

Brain

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6
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

What can it cause?

A

Abnormally low blood glucose

Confusion ⇒ coma

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7
Q

Hyperglycaemia can cause damage to ___ ___.

A

blood vessels

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8
Q

Which hormones control [glucose] in the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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9
Q

Which hormone controls [glucose] in emergencies?

A

Adrenaline

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10
Q

Which hormones control [glucose] during prolonged starvation?

A

Cortisol

Human growth hormone

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11
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal gland

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13
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Adrenal gland

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14
Q

Why is growth hormone produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

What name is given to the endocrine glands found in the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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16
Q

Insulin favours (anabolism / catabolism).

A

anabolism

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17
Q

Insulin triggers the synthesis of glucose into ___.

A

glycogen

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18
Q

Insulin also triggers the synthesis of fatty acids into ___.

A

triglycerides

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19
Q

What triggers the synthesis of glucose into glycogen?

A

Insulin

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20
Q

Glucagon favours (anabolism / catabolism).

A

catabolism

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21
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Triggers conversion of:

glycogen ⇒ glucose

triglycerides ⇒ fatty acids

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22
Q

Which type of Islet cell produces glucagon?

A

Alpha cell

23
Q

Which type of Islet cell produces insulin?

A

ß cells

24
Q

During feeding, beta cells produce (more / less) insulin.

A

more

25
Q

During fasting, beta cells produce (more / less) insulin.

A

less

26
Q

___ maintains [glucose]blood within narrow limits.

A

Insulin

27
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of Islet cells (stimulates / inhibits) insulin secretion.

A

inhibits

28
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve stimulation inhibits insulin secretion?

A

Sympathetic

29
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of Islet cells (stimulates / inhibits) insulin secretion.

A

stimulates

30
Q

Which type of autonomic nerve stimulation stimulates insulin secretion?

A

Parasympathetic

31
Q

Exercise (stimulates / inhibits) insulin secretion.

A

inhibits

32
Q

If exercise didn’t inhibit insulin secretion, what could occur?

A

Hypoglycaemia

33
Q

Which type of protein, found in the GI tract, produce a feedforward response to increase insulin secretion before food is absorbed?

A

Incretins

34
Q

The action of incretins - stimulating increased insulin secretion before food reaches absorption - is an example of which type of response?

A

Feedforward

35
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver mainly

Skeletal muscle as well

36
Q

Which carrier molecule stimulates glucose uptake into cells?

A

GLUT4

37
Q

Insulin triggers the insertion of ___ into the plasma membrane so it can facilitate glucose uptake.

A

GLUT4

38
Q

Which disease is associated with little/no insulin secretion?

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

39
Q

Which disease is associated with insulin receptor insensitivity?

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

40
Q

When does Type 1 diabetes develop?

A

During childhood

41
Q

When does Type 2 diabetes develop?

A

?Adulthood

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes develops as a result of a defect in which cell?

A

ß cell (Islet of Langerhans)

43
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections

44
Q

Type 2 diabetes comes about as a result of insulin ___.

A

insensitivity

45
Q

How is Type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Diet / exercise

46
Q

come back and do a bit about diabetic ketoacidosis when you understand it better

A
47
Q

Which pancreatic Islet cells secrete glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

48
Q

Which organ is glucagon’s primary target?

A

Liver

49
Q

Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into ___.

A

glucose

50
Q

Glucagon is a (catabolic / anabolic) hormone.

A

catabolic

51
Q

Glucagon prevents ___ after a protein-rich meal.

A

hypoglycaemia

52
Q

Which hormones raise [glucose] in response to stress?

A

Adrenaline

Cortisol

53
Q

Where is growth hormone released?

A

Pituitary gland

54
Q

Growth hormone ___ glucose uptake by muscle during starvation.

A

decreases

Principles Physiology (7 decks)

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