6: Feedback control of blood glucose concentration

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

All the chemical reactions occurring within your body

Question 2

What three processes make up fuel metabolism?

Answer 2

Catabolism

Anabolism

Transformation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats

Question 3

Which five hormones regulate fuel metabolism?

Answer 3

Insulin

Glucagon

Adrenaline

Cortisol

Growth hormone

Question 4

Which hormone regulates metabolic rate?

Answer 4

Thyroxine

Question 5

Which organ really relies on glucose to function?

Answer 5

Brain

Question 6

What is hypoglycaemia?

What can it cause?

Answer 6

Abnormally low blood glucose

Confusion ⇒ coma

Question 7

Hyperglycaemia can cause damage to ___ ___.

Answer 7

blood vessels

Question 8

Which hormones control [glucose] in the absorptive and post-absorptive states?

Answer 8

Insulin and glucagon

Question 9

Which hormone controls [glucose] in emergencies?

Answer 9

Adrenaline

Question 10

Which hormones control [glucose] during prolonged starvation?

Answer 10

Cortisol

Human growth hormone

Question 11

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

Answer 11

Pancreas

Question 12

Where is adrenaline produced?

Answer 12

Adrenal gland

Question 13

Where is cortisol produced?

Answer 13

Adrenal gland

Question 14

Why is growth hormone produced?

Answer 14

Pituitary gland

Question 15

What name is given to the endocrine glands found in the pancreas?

Answer 15

Islets of Langerhans

Question 16

Insulin favours (anabolism / catabolism).

Answer 16

anabolism

Question 17

Insulin triggers the synthesis of glucose into ___.

Answer 17

glycogen

Question 18

Insulin also triggers the synthesis of fatty acids into ___.

Answer 18

triglycerides

Question 19

What triggers the synthesis of glucose into glycogen?

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

Glucagon favours (anabolism / catabolism).

Answer 20

catabolism

Question 21

What does glucagon do?

Answer 21

Triggers conversion of:

glycogen ⇒ glucose

triglycerides ⇒ fatty acids

Question 22

Which type of Islet cell produces glucagon?

Answer 22

Alpha cell

Question 23

Which type of Islet cell produces insulin?

Answer 23

ß cells

Question 24

During feeding, beta cells produce (more / less) insulin.

Answer 24

more

Question 25

During fasting, beta cells produce **(more / less)** insulin.

Answer 25

**less**

Question 26

\_\_\_ maintains [glucose]_blood within narrow limits.

Answer 26

**Insulin**

Question 27

**Sympathetic stimulation** of Islet cells **(stimulates / inhibits)** insulin secretion.

Answer 27

**inhibits**

Question 28

Which type of autonomic nerve stimulation **inhibits** insulin secretion?

Answer 28

**Sympathetic**

Question 29

**Parasympathetic stimulation** of Islet cells **(stimulates / inhibits)** insulin secretion.

Answer 29

**stimulates**

Question 30

Which type of autonomic nerve stimulation **stimulates** insulin secretion?

Answer 30

**Parasympathetic**

Question 31

Exercise **(stimulates / inhibits)** insulin secretion.

Answer 31

**inhibits**

Question 32

If exercise didn't inhibit insulin secretion, what could occur?

Answer 32

**Hypoglycaemia**

Question 33

Which type of protein, found in the GI tract, produce a **feedforward response** to increase insulin secretion before food is absorbed?

Answer 33

**Incretins**

Question 34

The action of **incretins** - stimulating increased insulin secretion **before** food reaches absorption - is an example of which type of response?

Answer 34

**Feedforward**

Question 35

Where is **glycogen** stored?

Answer 35

**Liver** mainly **Skeletal muscle** as well

Question 36

Which carrier molecule stimulates **glucose uptake** into cells?

Answer 36

**GLUT4**

Question 37

Insulin triggers the insertion of ___ into the plasma membrane so it can facilitate glucose uptake.

Answer 37

**GLUT4**

Question 38

Which disease is associated with little/no insulin secretion?

Answer 38

**Type 1 diabetes mellitus**

Question 39

Which disease is associated with insulin receptor insensitivity?

Answer 39

**Type 2 diabetes mellitus**

Question 40

When does Type 1 diabetes develop?

Answer 40

**During childhood**

Question 41

When does Type 2 diabetes develop?

Answer 41

?Adulthood

Question 42

Type 1 diabetes develops as a result of a defect in which cell?

Answer 42

**ß cell** (Islet of Langerhans)

Question 43

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

Answer 43

**Insulin injections**

Question 44

Type 2 diabetes comes about as a result of insulin \_\_\_.

Answer 44

**insensitivity**

Question 45

How is **Type 2 diabetes** treated?

Answer 45

**Diet / exercise**

Question 46

come back and do a bit about diabetic ketoacidosis when you understand it better

Question 47

Which pancreatic Islet cells secrete **glucagon**?

Answer 47

Alpha cells

Question 48

Which organ is glucagon's primary target?

Answer 48

**Liver**

Question 49

Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into \_\_\_.

Answer 49

**glucose**

Question 50

Glucagon is a **(catabolic / anabolic)** hormone.

Answer 50

**catabolic**

Question 51

Glucagon prevents ___ after a **protein-rich** meal.

Answer 51

**hypoglycaemia**

Question 52

Which hormones raise [glucose] in response to **stress**?

Answer 52

**Adrenaline** **Cortisol**

Question 53

Where is **growth hormone** released?

Answer 53

Pituitary gland

Question 54

Growth hormone ___ glucose uptake by muscle during **starvation**.

Answer 54

**decreases**