6. Expanding Perspectives: Beyond Freud & Jung Flashcards

Question

Results of study on psychosocial development among Holocaust survivors

Answer 1

There were more often favourable outcomes than not in all but one domain, Trust vs. Mistrust (withdrawal, suspicion, pessimism)

Answer 2

Horney reinterpreted Freud's concept penis envy, portraying the penis as a symbol of social power rather than the actual organ being something a woman wants for herself. Girls realize at an early age they are being denied social power due to their gender, and thus, girls desire the social power and preferences given to boys in the culture at that time. ## Footnote Double standards in culture - important

Answer 3

Coined by Karen Horney, to emphasize a gender difference. Many women, she argued, are afraid to succeed, feeling they will lose friendships. Men, in turn, are not afraid to strive for success as they feel it will help them gain friends.

Answer 4

Our tendency to take credit for our own success yet deny responsibility for failure.

Answer 5

Characteristic of narcissism - someone feeling like they are more special and important than others. ## Footnote Referred to by Adler as Striving for Superiority (to compensate for underlying feelings of inferiority, Adler thought)

Answer 6

A type of narcissism involving dominance, grandiosity, overestimation of one’s capabilities, fantasies of superiority and perfection, and aggressiveness, in addition to entitlement and self-importance. It has been said to most closely align with the clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder. It is correlated with high extraversion, low neuroticism, and low agreeableness.

Answer 7

A type of narcissism involving a defensive and insecure sense of grandiosity that is accompanied by feelings of insecurity, inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism, as well as more frequent negative emotions and social avoidance, in addition to entitlement and self-importance. It has been correlated with high neuroticism and low agreeableness.

Answer 8

Emphasizes social relationships in early childhood. All versions of this theory have basic assumptions: 1. The internal desires of a child are less important than development of relationships with significant external others (especially parents) 2. The others (especially the mother) become internalized by the child in the form of mental objects

Answer 9

A child will create an unconscious mental representation of a parent (focus on the mother in this theory). The obejct internalized by the child depends on the child's relationshup with the mother. This forms the fundamentals for how children view others in subsequent relationships. ## Footnote I.e. A good mother-infant relationship will cause an infant to form a caring/trustworthy mother object. If a child internalizes a non-trustworthy mother object, the child will have difficulty trusting others later.

Answer 10

The agitation and distress children experience when separated from their mother (or primary caretaker). Most primates exhibit separation anxiety. ## Footnote Not all children experience this

Answer 11

A tool used to study separation anxiety in children. 1. Mother and baby enter comfortable "laboratory room" with toys and such 2. A stranger (unfamiliar but friendly adult) enters the room 3. The mother leaves the baby alone with the unfamiliar adult for a few minutes 4. The mother returns and is alone with the baby for a few more minutes 5. All of this is videotaped to be analyzed later ## Footnote This helped gather information on attachment styles

Answer 12

Describes the infants in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation who endured the separation from their mothers or caregivers and went about exploring the room, waiting patiently, or even approaching the stranger and sometimes wanting to be held by the stranger. When the mother returned, these infants were glad to see her, typically interacted with her for a while, then went back to exploring the new environment. ## Footnote Mothers with children of this attachment style appeared to be more engaged with their babies.

Answer 13

Describes infants in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation who avoided the mother when she returned. Infants in this group typically seemed unfazed when the mother left and did not give her much attention when she returned. Avoidant children seem to be aloof from their mothers. ## Footnote Mothers with children of this attachment style appeared to be less engaged with their babies.

Answer 14

Describes infants in Ainsworth’s Strange Situation who are very anxious about the mother leaving. They often start crying and protesting vigorously before the mother even gets out of the room. While the mother is gone, these infants are difficult to calm. Upon her return, however, these infants behave ambivalently. Their behaviour shows both anger and the desire to be close to the mother. ## Footnote Mothers with children of this attachment style appeared to be less engaged with their babies.

Answer 15

A fourth type of attachment in childhood characterized by erratic behaviour, what was suggested to be the most extreme of the insecure attachments. In her original experiments, Ainsworth herself had noticed that some infants displayed a combination of anxious, avoidant, and angry responses in the Strange Situation that did not fit any of the other attachment styles.

Answer 16

The prototype for later adult relationships, according to Bowlby, based on the early experiences and reactions of the infant to the parents, particularly the mother. Working models are internalized in the form of unconscious expectations about relationships.

Answer 17

In the adult secure relationship style, individuals have few problems developing satisfying friendships and relationships. Secure people trust others and develop bonds with them.

Answer 18

The adult avoidant relationship style, also known as *dismissing*, is characterized by difficulty in learning to trust others. Avoidant adults remain suspicious of the motives of others, and they are afraid of making commitments. They are afraid of depending on others because they anticipate being disappointed, being abandoned, or being separated.

Answer 19

The ambivalent relationship style, also known as *preoccupied*, is characterized by vulnerability and uncertainty about relationships. Ambivalent adults become overly dependent and demanding on their partners and friends. They display high levels of neediness in their relationships and are high maintenance, in the sense that they need constant reassurance and attention.

Answer 20

Individuals with this style desire closeness but are uncomfortable with it, finding it challenging to trust and experiencing fear and distress in relationships. They are characterized by high attachment-related anxiety and avoidance.

Answer 21

Internal states that arouse and direct behaviour towards specific objects or goals. Motives are often caused by a deficit/lack of something. They are based on needs and propel people to do certain things to satisfy those needs. | Motives can be unconscious. ## Footnote As a need is satisfied, the state of tension is reduced.

Answer 22

1. People differ from one another in the type and strength of their motives 2. These differences are measurable 3. These differences cause or are associated with importsnt life outcomes 4. Differences among people in the relative amounts of motives are stable over time 5. Motives may provide one answer to the question "why do people do what they do"

Answer 23

Psychogenic Needs: Mental/emotional needs Viscerogenic Needs: Physical needs

Answer 24

1. A specific desire or intention 2. A particular set of emotions 3. Specific action tendencies

Answer 25

1. Materialistic needs (acquisition and order [organization]) 2. Ambition needs (achievement, recognition, exhibition) 3. Needs to defend status (defendance, etc.) 4. Needs related to social power (autonomy, contrarience, dominance) 5. Social affection needs (affiliation, nurturance) 6. Exchange of information needs (cognizance [knowledge-seeking]) ## Footnote Murray believed that each person has a unique combination of needs/hierarchy of needs at different levels of strength

Answer 26

Need-relevant aspects of the environment according to Henry Murray. A person’s need for intimacy, for example, won’t affect that person’s behaviour without an appropriate environmental press (such as the presence of friendly people).

Answer 27

Objective reality of an environment that affects behaviours. Works in tandem with the perceived environment (beta press).

Answer 28

Subjective reality of an environment that affects behaviours. Works in tandem with the objective environment (alpha press).

Answer 29

The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation. The notion that a person’s needs influence how they perceive the environment, especially when the environment is ambiguous.

Answer 30

1. Person is shown a set of ambiguous black and white images 2. Person is asked to make up a story about/interpret what is happening in the picture 3. The psychologist codes the stories for presences of certain imagery to help decode motives

Answer 31

Refers to a person’s momentary amount of a specific need or emotion, which can fluctuate with specific circumstances. A concept that can be applied to motives and emotions. The TAT can be used to assess state levels.

Answer 32

Refers to a person’s average tendency, or their set point, on the specific motive or emotion. The idea is that people differ from each other in their typical or average amount of specific motives or emotions. A concept that can be applied to motives and emotions. TAT can be used to assess trait levels.

Answer 33

Designed to assess motives, it uses 14 pictures representing achievement, power, or intimacy and a series of questions about important motivational states to elicit answers from test subjects. In theory, the motives elicited from the photographs would influence how the subject answers the test questions. ## Footnote Shows promising levels of reliability and validity.

Answer 34

Motives as they are measured in fantasy-based (i.e., TAT) techniques, as opposed to direct self-report measures. The implied motives of persons scored, for example, from TAT stories, is thought to reveal their unconscious desires and aspirations, their unspoken needs and wants. McClelland has argued that implicit motives predict long-term behavioural trends over time, such as implicit need for achievement predicting long-term business success.

Answer 35

Primarily a person’s self-awareness of their own conscious motives according to McClelland. These self-attributed motives reflect a person’s conscious awareness about what is important to them. As such, they represent part of the individual’s conscious self-understanding. McClelland has argued that self-attributed motives predict responses to immediate and specific situations and to choice behaviours and attitudes.

Answer 36

Achievement, power, intimacy

Answer 37

The desire to do better, be successful and feel competent. People high in nAch: * Prefer moderately challenging tasks (one they can do well on, but is not so easy everyone does well on it). * Prefer tasks where they are personally responsible for the outcome * Prefer tasks where feedback on their performance is available

Answer 38

Largely self-determined and based on inherent satisfaction associated with the behaviour (enjoyment and interest)

Answer 39

Performed for more instrumental/environmental reasons, and expected social responses, thus less autonomous in nature

Answer 40

According to McClelland, certain parental behaviours can promote high achievement motivation and autonomy in their children. Training a child to be independent in different tasks, such as feeding themselves and toilet training, promotes a sense of mastery and confidence in the child.

Answer 41

A preference for having an impact on other people. Individuals with a high need for power are interested in controlling situations and other people. | High need for power -> obstacles to power cause stress ## Footnote In high nPow men, impulsive and aggressive behaviours are more likely than in the general population (same pattern not found for women high in nPow). This is likely due to social norms (see responsibility training).

Answer 42

Life experiences that provide opportunities to learn to behave responsibly, such as having younger siblings to take care of while growing up. Moderates the gender difference in impulsive behaviours associated with need for power.

Answer 43

McAdams defines the need for intimacy as the “recurrent preference or readiness for warm, close, and communicative interaction with others” (1990, p. 198). People with a high need for intimacy want more intimacy and meaningful human contact in their day-to-day lives than do those with a low need for intimacy.

Answer 44

Emphasizes the role of choice in human life, and the influence of responsibility on creating a meaningful and satisfying life. The meaning of any person’s life, according to this approach, is found in the choices that people make and the responsibility they take for those choices. The humanistic tradition also emphasizes the human need for growth and realizing one’s full potential. In this tradition it is assumed that, if left to their own devices, humans will grow and develop in positive and satisfying directions.

Answer 45

1. Physiological Needs 2. Safety Needs 3. Belongingness Needs 4. Esteem Needs 5. Self-Actualization ## Footnote We must typically satisfy our lower needs before aiming to satisfy our higher needs. Lower level needs are also more urgent to satisfy, whereas when people try to satisfy higher needs their motivation is weaker and more easily disrupted.

Answer 46

The third level of Maslow’s motivation hierarchy. Humans are a very social species, and most people possess a strong need to belong to groups. Being accepted by others and welcomed into a group represents a somewhat more psychological need than the physiological needs or the need for safety.