(6) Exchange Flashcards
why do smaller animals have a larger surface area : volume ratio than bigger animals
because as organisms become larger their volume increases at a faster rate than their surface area
what are 2 reasons why diffusion across the outer membrane is slower in multicellular organisms
1) some cells are deep within the body- long distance
2) large animals have a large sa:v ratio- it’s difficult to exchange enough substances for a large animal over a small SA
how does size influence heat exchange
rate of heat loss depends on SA- a large animal has a smaller SA so it’s hard for it to lose heat
A small organism has a large SA so loses heat more easily so they need a relatively high metabolic rate in order to generate enough heat
how does shape affect heat exchange
a more compact shape means a small SA relative to volume so less heat lost
less compact shape have larger sa which increases heat loss
how do small desert animals compensate for having high sa:v ratio
tend to lose more water as it evaporates from surface. so some have kidney structure adaptations so they produce less urine
how do small animals in cold regions support their high metabolic rates
they eat large amounts of high energy food eg seeds and nuts may also have thick layers of fur or hibernate when it gets really cold
how do large animals in hot areas keep cool
their heat loss is slow so elephants have large flat ears to increase sa
hippos spend most of the day in the water
what is the formula for calculating diffusion
SA x DIC / LODP
what are 5 features of specialised exchange surfaces
1) large SA relative to the volume of the organism which increases the exchange rate
2) thin- short diffusion pathway
3) selectively permeable to allow selected materials across
4) movement of the environmental medium eg air to maintain diffusion gradient
5) transport system eg blood to ensure movement of internal medium and maintain diffusion gradient
how is a fish adapted to absorb enough oxygen
water containing oxygen enters in the mouth and exits through gills
each gill has gill filaments to increase sa these are covered in lamellae which further increase sa.
the lamellae contain blood capillaries
blood flows over the lamellae in one direction and water in the other which creates a counter-current system and maintains a large conc gradient which allows oxygen to diffuse from water into blood
how do insects use tracheae to exchange gases
air moves into tracheae through spiracles (surface pores)
oxygen travels down conc gradient to cells
the tracheae branch into tracheoles which have thin permeable walls and go to individual cells
CO2 from cells moves down its own conc gradient to spiracles to be released into atmosphere
what is the main gas exchange surface in a leaf
the mesophyll cells (inside the cells) so gases move in and out through special cells in the epidermis called stomata
how do insects control water loss
they can close their spiracles using muscles and they have a waterproof waxy cuticle all over their body and tiny hairs around their spiracles
how do plants control water loss
their stomata are kept open to allow gas exchange
water enters making the guard cells turgid which opens the stomatal pore but if the plant becomes dehydrated the guard cells become flaccid which closes the pore
what is a xerophyte
a plant specially adapted for life in warm, dry or windy habitats
what are 5 examples of xerophytic adaptations
1) stomata sunk in pits that trap moist air reducing conc gradient of water between leaf and air- reduces amount of water diffusing and evaporating away
2) layer of ‘hairs’ on the epidermis to trap moist air around stomata
3) curled leaves with stomata inside protecting them from wind which increases rate of diffusion and evaporation
4) reduced number of stomata
5) waxy, waterproof cuticles on leaves and stem to reduce evaporation
what is the process of air from the trachea to the alveoli
trachea splits into 2 bronchi (one bronchus leads to each lung) each bronchus brances into bronchioles which end in small air sacs called alveoli (site of gas exchange)
what happens when you breathe in
1) external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract
2) ribcage moves up and out and diaphragm flattens (increases thoracic cavity volume)
3) lung pressure decreases (below atmospheric pressure)
4) air flows down trachea and into lungs (down the pressure gradient)
what happens when you breathe out
1) external intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles relax
2) ribcage moves down and in and diaphragm becomes curved again
3) thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases to above atmospheric pressure
4) air is forced down pressure gradient and out of lungs
what is forced expiration and how does it happen
eg blowing out candles
external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage down and in (the movement of the 2 sets of intercostal muscles is antagonistic)
how does oxygen get from the alveoli to the blood
diffuses across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium and into the haemoglobin in the blood
what are 3 features of alveoli that speed up gas exchange
1) thin exchange surface- alveolar epithelium is one cell thick
2) large sa- large number of alveoli
3) steep conc gradient of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and capillaries maintained by blood flow and ventilation
why do insects have hairs around their spiracles
because they decrease the water potential gradient between the environment and inside the trachea
what is tidal volume
the volume of air in each breath
what is ventilation rate
the number of breaths per minute
what is forced expiratory volume
the maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in 1 second
what is forced vital capacity
the maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in
what do TB, fibrosis, asthma, and emphysema all cause
reduced rate of gas exchange in alveoli meaning less oxygen diffuses into bloodstream so rate of aerobic respiration is reduced
less energy released and sufferers feel tired and weak
what are 2 ethical issues concerning dissecting animal
1) morally wrong to kill animals for dissections (unnecessary)
2) animals used for dissections are not always raised in a humane way- overcrowding, temperature extremes, lack of food
