6 - Endocrine Flashcards
DM1 signs/symp
Polyuria Polydipsia Weight loss Ketoacidosis Microangiopathy = cataracts, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
Immune-mediated 90% (beta cell destruction)
Normal blood glucose, HbA1C
BG: 125mg/dL
Hb: <7%
DM 1 vs 2
- incidence
- insulin tx
- polyuria/dipsia, weight loss
- age
85% type 2
Always 1, sometimes 2
1 only
<30 type 1, >40 type 2
DM 1 vs 2
- genetic predisposition
- HLA association
- ketoacidosis
1 slight, 2 strong genetic link
1: HLA DR 3 and 4
2: none
Common type 1, rare type 2
Diabetes insipidus
- aka
- what
Inappropriate syndrome of ADH
Low ADH = polyuria/dipsia (like DM1)
Hypothyroidism
- lab values
- common cause in USA
- tx
High TSH
Low T3/4
Hashimoto’s
Levothyroxine
Hyperthyroidism
- lab values
- most common cause USA
Low TSH
High T3/4
Grave’s (85%) = TSH autoantibodies
Hyperparathyroidism
- what
- ocular
Hypercalcemia
-bone pain, pathologic fractures, renal stones, constipation, mental changes, fatigue
Band keratopathy
Hypoparathyroidism
- what
- ocular
Low serum calcium
-tetany, muscle cramps, irritability
Cataracts, uveitis, blurry vision
Addison’s dz
Hypocortisolism (chronic adrenocortical deficiency)
Autoimmune atrophy of adrenal glands
Weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, ab pain, muscle/joint pain, amenorrhea
Tx: gluco/mineralocorticoid replacement (HRT)
Cushing’s syndrome
Hypercortisolism
Usually from medications (chronic corticosteroids)
Central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, osteoporosis, hypertension, poor wound healing, hyperglycemia (think excess steroid use SE)
Pheochromocytoma
Tumor on adrenal gland(s) - secr excess NE and Epi
= excessive SNS
Pain - HA Pressure - HTN Papilledema imPending doom Pallor Perspiration
Acute renal failure
-blood work
Low GFR
High BUN + creatinine (waste products)
Chronic renal failure
Main causes:
1) DM
2) HTN
Much more common than acute
Glomerular dz
-nephritic vs nephrotic
NephrOtic assoc with >3.5g prOtein in urine
