6) Emotion 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What prescribes the 2 way process of effective communication through facial expressions

A

1) Recognition: of emotions is automatic/rapid

2) Display rules: bias recognition in a particular culture or social group/helps modify our expressions

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2
Q

Explain Darwin’s principle of serviceable associated habits

A

These are useful habits reinforced previously, and then later inherited by offspring, given their adaptive function.
(over time behaviour became linked to our internal state i.e. angry (internal state)&raquo_space; so teeth (behaviour)

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3
Q

Which of Darwin’s principle’s explains that some expressions are selected as they are the opposite of a serviceable habit i.e. helpless shrug. It has little purpose

A

The principle of antithesis ( think the ‘opposite’)

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4
Q

What was Darwin’s vaguest principle regarding emotional behaviours?

A

The direct action of the nervous system- resulting in a discharge of excitement in the form of habits/behaviours

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5
Q

Outline evidence for the JL theory of emotion from neural mechanisms of facial expressions

A

Facial mechanisms controlled by: 1) Motor cortex- initiated consciously
2) thalamus/basal ganglia- involuntary emotional expression.

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6
Q

In what area of the brain do the 2 neural mechanisms of facial expressions join?

A

The pons (contralateral control)

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7
Q

Describe the cause and the effects of the facial expression disorder ‘volitional facial paresis’

A

Caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex, which leads to inability to move muscles on the affected side of the face (contralateral to brain lesion).
However they can still express genuine emotions (i.e. both sides of face move when laughing), but cant just move those muscles when they want to

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8
Q

Describe the cause and effects of the facial expression disorder ‘emotional facial paresis’

A

Caused by damage to the insula region of the prefrontal cortex/white matter of thalamus.
They cannot express emotions on the affected side of face (contralateral brain lesion) but can move facial muscles voluntarily

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9
Q

What is Ekman’s view of emotional facial expressions of those in developed countries

A

In these countries there are around 5 labelled facial expressions identified cross culturally

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10
Q

Name 3 methods that could be used to measure facial expressions

A

1) Raters coding: using Facial Action Coding System, which is able to examine exactly which facial muscles move when an expression is made i.e lip tightening
2) Automatic coding- facial recognition/ video software
3) Electromyography- measures differences in muscle potential, detects which muscles move to make an expression.

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11
Q

Which muscles are used to make a true smile, and the only one used to make a fake smile?

A

Several are used (zygomatic major, raised mouth corner) and lateral obicularis occuli (cheeks/crows feet at eye corner).
In a fake smile, only the zygomatic major is typically used

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12
Q

What did LaFrance’s meta-analysis of smiling display rules on gender find?

A

Women smile more than men, which is first learned and then becomes an automatic habit (effect largest in US/UK).
Effect is smaller between people occupying same social role

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13
Q

What was found from a study into cultural smile display rules of athletes ?

A

Athletes from individualistic cultures expressed their emotion more, whilst collectivists masked theirs more.

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14
Q

Name the facial disorder that is congenital (from birth) and sees a defective development of facial nerves leading to facial paralysis and inability to make side-to-side eye movement.
Does a study of a sample support/refute JL theory?

A

Moebius Syndrome.
Refutes JL theory, as a quasi-experiment comparing babies found that those with the syndrome still had equivalent life satisfaction, anxiety level and depression

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15
Q

Outline the support for JL theory from a ‘does smiling make you happy’ study

A

The smile study found that feedback from facial muscle contraction affected people’s subsequent mood + alters ANS activity
(JL theory physiology affects emotional response)

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16
Q

Describe simulation hypothesis of decoding, Adolphs, 2000 (somato)

A

The data showed that the more brain damage to the somatosensory cortex = greater inability to detect emotions

17
Q

What was particularly striking about the simulation hypothesis of decoding somatosensation study?

A

Patients with more somatosesnory cortex damage in the right hemisphere = more severe inability to detect emotions

18
Q

Explain what mirror neurons do

A

They are the neural circuit that gives us the feedback to unconsciously imagine the expression of an emotion/map it onto our brain and even imitate the emotion to better understand someone

19
Q

What did another decoding by simulation study involving angry/happy faces? (unconscous processing)

A

P’s presented with angry/happy faces in subliminal pictures for a few seconds. Those identifying as ‘highly empathetic’ would use the muscles associated with that emotion and also displayed more automatic imitation of that emotion

20
Q

In summary what can we conclude about decoding by simulation

A

Empathy certainly requires ability to map other’s feelings onto our own system. Mirror neurons are able to do so, mapping observed actions of others onto our premotor cortex, and this is all done as an unconscious mechanism

21
Q

What syndrome gives a challenge to simulation decoding

A

Simulation decoding assumed a patient with Moebius syndrome wouldn’t be good at emotional recognition, as a study found that in fact a sample with the syndrome had an equivalent accuracy in emotional expression recognition tasks to regular controls, with the recognition accuracy UNrelated to amount of facial impairment