2) Structure of Nervous System

Question 1

Anterior is…

Answer 1

Front

Question 2

Posterior is…

Answer 2

Back

Question 3

Dorsal is..

Answer 3

Top (think dorsal fin is on top)

Question 4

Lateral is..

Answer 4

Toward the side

Question 5

Ventral is…

Answer 5

Underneath/bottom

Question 6

Medial is..

Answer 6

Toward middle

Question 7

Ipsilateral is…

Answer 7

Same side

Question 8

Contralateral is…

Answer 8

On opposite side (think ‘on the contrary’)

Question 9

Horizontal brain slice section is

Answer 9

parallel to the ground

Question 10

What is the CNS comprised of?

Answer 10

The brain and spinal cord

Question 11

The cranial and spinal nerves make up what system?

Answer 11

The peripheral nervous system

Question 12

How much of the body’s blood and oxygen supply is used in brain circulation?

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

What are all the layers of the meninges? (protective tissue layers)

Answer 13

Dura mater- tough, flexibel, most outer meninx. Arachnoid- middle layer, like drapped cellophane, doesn’t fall into the brain contours.
Pia mater- very thin final layer right on surface of brain, reaching the cerebral cortex

Question 14

What is the gap between the arachnoid and pia called?

Answer 14

subarachnoid space

Question 15

How many ventricles are there in the Ventricular system

Answer 15

4

Question 16

What are the hollow chambers (ventricles) filled with?

Answer 16

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

Question 17

What is the CSF for and where does it circulate?

Answer 17

The CSF is a fluid that acts a watery cushion for the brain’s protection. It circulates in the arachnoid space, ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord

Question 18

Outline the circulation cycle of CSF

Answer 18

1) UP spinal cord 2) around the front 3) over the top 4) down the back 5) returning back down central canal of spinal cord into blood stream

Question 19

Which is the largest section of the brain?

Answer 19

The forebrain (telencephalon area)

Question 20

What areas/system does the forebrain consists of?

Answer 20

The cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and limbic system

Question 21

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 21

Thin wrinkled layer of tissue over the 2 hemispheres of the brain

Question 22

Which 3 animals have all these brain parts (cerebellum, brain stem, 2 hemispheres)

Answer 22

Humans, sheep, dolphins

Question 23

What is the grey matter in the cerebrum?

Answer 23

The cell bodies of neurons (including dendrites and axon terminals), where ALL synapses are found

Question 24

What is the white matter of the cerebrum?

Answer 24

Made up of axons, which connect together the grey matter areas. White appearance is fatty tissue (for insulation).

Question 25

Where is the corpus callosum and what is it's function?

Answer 25

In the mid brain. It connects the two hemispheres and allows communication between them to occur

Question 26

What are all the lobes called? (Remember FPOT) ? | Which cortex is in the parietal lobe

Answer 26

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal. | Somatosensory (body sense) in the parietal lobe

Question 27

If I say 'audio tempo' which primary cortex does the hint relate to

Answer 27

The auditory ('audio') cortex, situated in the temporal ('tempo') lobe

Question 28

Which primary cortex does the hint 'eye' belong to

Answer 28

The visual (sight) cortex, situated in the occipital (occi-eyes) lobe

Question 29

Which primary cortex does the hint 'motor part' belong to

Answer 29

The motor cortex, situated in the frontal lobe

Question 30

What model shows the somatotopic organisation of these cortices (how much brain space our body parts take up i.e hands/face mainly mouth are largest)

Answer 30

The homunculus model

Question 31

What did Brodmann's work find?

Answer 31

Th Brodmann's areas- distinguished 46 different brain areas (of cell structure/organisation)

Question 32

The limbic system (involved in learning, memory and attention) is found where in the brain?

Answer 32

The midbrain

Question 33

Which brain areas are part of the limbic system?

Answer 33

The limbic cortex > hippocampus > mammillary bodies (part of hippo) >amygdala (emotion),

Question 34

What is the basal ganglia (of the mid brain area) responsible for?

Answer 34

Processing info for motor movement

Question 35

What is in the diencephalon (forebrain area) ?

Answer 35

Thalamus (main sensory relay for all senses, except smell), also regulates the ANS

Question 36

What falls unTder the roof (tectum) of the midbrain?

Answer 36

The superior colliculi (involved in fast eye movement, like scanning a shopping aisle for an item), inferior colliculi (auditory pathway) & the tegmentum (role in motor movement- Parkinson's is loss of neurons here)

Question 37

Which two main structures form the hindbrain?

Answer 37

The metencephalon and the myencephalon

Question 38

What do the two hindbrain structures contain/do?

Answer 38

Metencephalon- contains the cerebellum (mini brain involved in movement/co-ordination) and the pons (bridge) Myencephalon- contains the medulla oblongata (under pons) used for basic life function i.e. breathing, swallowing, wake-sleep cycles

Question 39

Locate the white and grey matter of the spinal cord

Answer 39

White matter is OUTSIDE, grey matter is INSIDE the cord

Question 40

What is the role of the spinal cord

Answer 40

Allows communication between sense organs/muscles below the head

Question 41

Explain the Bell-Magendie Law

Answer 41

``` Dorsal roots (at back) - carry sensory info TO the CNS (AFFERENT) Ventral roots (underside)- carry motor info to muscles and glands AWAY from CNS (EFFERENT- remember A + E go to together) ```

Question 42

What system carries info signals TO + FROM CNS

Answer 42

The peripheral nervous system

Question 43

What does the PNS contain?

Answer 43

12 cranial nerves (directly in the brain) 31 Pairs of Spinal nerves (peripheral nerves from spinal cord) BOTH have EFFerent and AFFerent

Question 44

What are the two branches of the ANS

Answer 44

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 45

What kind of nerves does the CNS have

Answer 45

All of the ANS has EFFERENT nerves (all info from ANS carried away to muscles)

Question 46

What role does each branch of the ANS do

Answer 46

Sympathetic- fight or flight response, arousal, prepares body to expend energy Parasympathetic- rest and restore, relaxes and calms the body (as can't use the SNS for too long)

Question 47

What is the difference between a fissure, sulcus (sulci) and gyrus (gyri)

Answer 47

Fissures (larger trough) and sulci (narrower trough) in the brain. Gyri are the ridges/bumps

Question 48

Where is CSF fluid produced

Answer 48

Choroid Plexus (in each of the ventricles)