#6. Deformities and diseases of knee joint (genu varum, genu valgum, chondrodystrophia patellae, luxation patallae Flashcards
Orthopaedics
What is Genu VALGUM?
- aka X-BEINE
- Where Knees are TOGETHER
- KNEE Deformation where angle between Hip Axis and Tibia Axis are OPEN to the outside
- MORE than»_space; ** 8 D**
What are the CAUSES of Genu VARUM?
- HYPOPLASIA of the LATERAL Condyle of HIP
- Congenital DISLOCATION of the PATELLA
- LATERAL POSITION of the Extension Apparatus
- Rickets / TB / Poorly-healed Fractures
What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of Genu VARUM?
1) Unilateral = Limping
2) Bilateral = Staggering Gait
- IRREGULAR Weight Load on the Knee, can lead to EARLY Degenerative Changes i.e. GONARTHROSIS
What is the TREATMENT for Genu VARUM?
- FOR New-borns = Conservative Tx (Plaster Bandages / Redressing / Plenty of Sleep)
- FOR Rickets = Vitamin D
- Surgery = Varus OSTEOTOMY
What is Genu VARUM?
- aka O-BEINE
- OPPOSITE to VALGUM Type
- Where Knees are FAR APART
What are the 2 TYPES of Gene VARUM?
1) GENUINE Genu Varum = Curved Centre is on MEDIAL Aspect of Knee Joint
2) CRUS Varum = Curved Centre is on MIDDLE of TIBIA
What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of Gene VARUM?
- Bilateral
- O-SHAPED
- SHAKING Gait, but NO Pain
- Gonarthrosis
What is the TREATMENT for Gene VARUM?
- Heal on its own PHYSIOLOGICALLY until 3 Years Old
- CORRECTIVE Osteotomy = After ** 6 - 7 Years of Age**
What is CHONDRODYSTROPHY of the PATELLA?
- Where CARTILAGE of Joint is affected / injured
- DUE to Acute Trauma / Overuse / Postural Distortion
- Presented with ANTERIOR Knee Pain = DUE to Inflammation + Degenerative Changes to the ARTICULAR Cartilage of POSTERIOR Aspect of Patellar
What can DEGNERATIVE Changesto the ARTICULAR Cartilage lead to?
- INCREASED pressure in the PATELLAR-FEMORAL Joint
- Meaning CONSTRICTED BF, leading to CHONDYLOSIS
- Thereby provoking ARTHRITIC Changes such as SOFTENED Cartilage with SWOLLEN + ERODED Spots
What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of CHONDRODYSTROPHY of the PATELLA?
- Mainly affecting YOUNG People
- ANTERIOR Knee Pain which can be exacerbated via running / squatting / kneeling as it LOADS the PATELLO-FEMORAL Joint
- Difficulty going down the stairs
- Knee SWELLING / Tenderness / CREPITATION
- Weak HYPOTROPHIC Quadriceps
- POSITIVE +ve CLARK Test = PAIN / SCREAM when you distally pressing knee cap, whilst px contracts quadriceps
What is the TREATMENT for CHONDRODYSTROPHY of the PATELLA?
EARLY Stage = Plaster / Elastic Bandage
- NSAIDs / Vitamins / Physiotherapy
- PERSISTENT HYDROPS (Swelling) = Puncture / Evacuation of Fluid from Joint + Intra-Auricular Corticosteroids
- ARTHROSCOPIC Surgery = VENTRALISATION of the Patellar
What is LUXATIO PATELLAE?
- aka Patella Dislocation
- RARE Condition where there’s 3 Forms:
1) PERMANENT Form = Patella’s FIXED FIRMLY to SIDE of LUXATION
2) HABITURAL Form = Luxation occurs by Patient’s WILL / SHARP Bending of Knee
3) RECURRENT Form = Occurs SEVERAL Times a Month / Year
What are the CAUSES of LUXATIO PATELLAE?
- APLASIA / HYPOPLASIA of the External Femoral Condyle
- Knee Trauma / Sudden Bending / Knee Rotation
What is the PATHOANATOMY of LUXATIO PATELLAE?
- Knee Cap is DISLOCATED Laterally and TO the TOP
- CAPSULE-LIGAMENTARY Apparatus is RUPTURED
- MEDIAL LIGAMENT of Patella is TORN
- MEDIAL CONDYLE of Patella is FRACTURED
