6. Cultural transmission

Question 1

Cultural transmission of behaviour

Answer 1

the transfer of information from individual to individual through social learning or teaching—both within and between generations of animals

Question 2

Social learning

Answer 2

the process of learning by watching others

Question 3

The hipster effect

Answer 3

if everyone always wants to look different than everybody else, everybody starts looking the same

Question 4

Local enhancement

Answer 4

• Not learning by doing what others do, but by being drawn to a location
• The action of a model (fish 2) draws attention of observer (fish 1)
• Observer learns context on its own (i.e. individual learning)

Question 5

Social facilitation

Answer 5

presence of a model facilitates learning in observer (safety in numbers)

Question 6

Imitation

Answer 6

Acquisition of a topographically novel response through observation of a demonstrator making that response

Question 7

Copying

Answer 7

Repeat what a model did for an internal/external reward (e.g. food, emotion)

Question 8

Vertical cultural transmission

Answer 8

information is transmitted across generations from parent(s) to offspring

Question 9

Oblique cultural transmission

Answer 9

information is transmitted across generations but not via parent/offspring interactions

Question 10

Horizontal cultural transmission

Answer 10

information is transmitted by peers (individuals of the same approximate age group)

Question 11

How does copying differs grom imitation?

Answer 11

copied does not need to be novel and does not need to involve learning a new topographical action