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2. MGD > 6. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA > Flashcards

6. Chromosomes, Genes and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Where are genes found?

A

On chromosomes in the nucleus.

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2
Q

Where are proteins found?

A

In the cytoplasm.

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3
Q

What are the two visible parts of a nucleus in electron microscopy?

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin.

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4
Q

What is the 1st level of DNA packaging?

A

DNA wound around histone cores.

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5
Q

What is the 2nd level of DNA packaging?

A

Solenoids.

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6
Q

What are two differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Euchromatin are the beads on a string, histone cores and genes are expressed. But heterochromatin is the solenoid fibres and the genes are not expressed.

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7
Q

Are genes expressed in a chromosome?

A

No, because it is made of heterochromatin.

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8
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

25,000.

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9
Q

What is the human genome?

A

The entire DNA sequence of humans, the 24 chromosomes including 2 sex chromosomes.

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10
Q

What is a base and sugar together called?

A

A nucleoside.

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11
Q

What is a base, sugar and phosphate together called?

A

A nucleotide.

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12
Q

What are polynucleotides?

A

Linear polymers of nucleotides.

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13
Q

What are the two types of pentode sugar?

A

Ribose in ribonucleic acid and 2-deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleic acid.

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14
Q

What charge do DNA molecules have?

A

Negative.

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15
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases and what are the key difference between their structures?

A

Purines and pyrimidine. Purines have two rings but pyrimidines only have one ring.

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16
Q

What are the two types of main purines?

A

Adenine and guanine.

17
Q

What are the three types of main pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, uracil and thymine.

18
Q

For the following RNA bases name their nucleoside and nucleotide:

a. Adenine (A)
b. Guanine (G)
c. Uracil (U)
d. Cytosine (C)

A

a. Adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
b. Guanosine, guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
c. Uridine, uridine monophosphate (UMP)
d. Cytidine, cytidine monophosphate (CMP)

19
Q

For the following DNA bases name their nucleoside and nucleotide:

a. Adenine (A)
b. Guanine (G)
c. Thymine (T)
d. Cytosine (C)

A

a. Deoxyadenosine, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP)
b. Deoxyguanosine, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP)
c. Deoxythymidine, deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)
d. Deoxycytidine, deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP)

19
Q

What joins nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bonds.

20
Q

How do base pairs join?

A

By hydrogen bonds: C=G (triple) and A=T.

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21
Q

What three duplex structures can be formed from DNA and RNA?

A

DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, RNA-RNA.

22
Q

Give an example of a unit where RNA stem-loops can be found.

A

tRNA.

23
Q

Describe the DNA double helix.

A

Two alpha chains, anti parallel, right handed twist.

2. MGD (19 decks)

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