6: Autonomic Pharmacology I

Question 1

What organs are included in the central nervous system?

Answer 1

Brain

Spinal cord

Question 2

Where do efferent signals travel in relation to the CNS?

Answer 2

Away from the CNS

Question 3

Where do afferent signals travel in relation to the CNS?

Answer 3

Towards the CNS

Question 4

What are the two types of somatic nerve fibres found in the PNS?

Answer 4

Somatic afferents

Somatic efferents

Question 5

What are the kinds of visceral nerve found in the PNS?

Answer 5

Visceral afferent only

Question 6

Which part of the PNS is found in the GI tract?

Answer 6

Enteric nervous system

Question 7

Which part of the PNS controls things which are involuntary and don’t require conscious effort?

Answer 7

Autonomic nervous system

Question 8

What are the two arms of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 8

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 9

What kind of responses is the sympathetic ANS responsible for?

Answer 9

Responses to STRESS

fight or flight responses

Question 10

What kind of responses is the parasympathetic ANS responsible for?

Answer 10

Responses to maintain homeostasis

Question 11

Where does the synapse occur in the ANS?

Answer 11

Autonomic ganglion

Question 12

What are the preganglionic and postganglionic neurotransmitters in the sympathetic ANS?

Answer 12

Preganglionic - ACh

Postganglionic - NA

Question 13

What are the preganglionic and postganglionic neurotransmitters in the parasympathetic ANS?

Answer 13

Preganglionic - ACh

Postganglionic - ACh

Question 14

If a neurone is cholinergic, what is its neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

ACh

Question 15

If a neurone is adrenergic, what is its neurotransmitter?

Answer 15

NA

Question 16

What is another name for the sympathetic chain?

Answer 16

Thoraco-lumbar outflow

Question 17

In which range of vertebral levels does the sympathetic chain run?

Answer 17

T1 to L2

Question 18

Sympathetic synapses occur at (pre-vertebral / para-vertebral) ganglia.

Answer 18

lol

both

Question 19

Which organ has sympathetic ganglia on its surface?

Answer 19

Adrenal gland

Question 20

What is another name for the parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 20

Cranio-sacral outflow

Question 21

Parasympathetic ganglia are usually found (within / outwith) their target organs.

Answer 21

within

Question 22

Sympathetic ganglia are usually found (within / outwith) their target organs.

Answer 22

outwith

Question 23

Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 23

CN III - oculomotor nerve

CN VII - facial nerve

CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve

CN X - vagus nerve

Question 24

Which ion is involved the release of neurotransmitter from a ganglion?

Answer 24

Ca²⁺

Question 25

How is the **electrical message** transferred across neurones?

Answer 25

**Action potential**

Question 26

In the **sympathetic** ANS, action potentials trigger ___ entry into post-synaptic ganglia and the release of \_\_\_.

Answer 26

**Ca²**⁺ **NA**

Question 27

In the sympathetic ANS, **ACh** triggers **(depolarisation / repolarisation)** in the post-ganglionic neurone by opening ion channels.

Answer 27

**depolarisation**

Question 28

What is the **post-ganglionic** neurotransmitter in the sympathetic ANS?

Answer 28

**Noradrenaline (NA)**

Question 29

What ion is essential in the release of both **ACh** and **NA** from pre and post-ganglionic neurones respectively?

Answer 29

**Ca**²⁺

Question 30

What does **ACh** bind to on the post-ganglionic neurone to generate an action potential?

Answer 30

**Nicotinic ACh receptors**

Question 31

What does **NA** bind to on the target cell to produce a response?

Answer 31

**G-protein coupled adrenoceptors**

Question 32

In the **parasympathetic** ANS, what does **ACh** bind to on the target cell to produce a response?

Answer 32

**G-protein coupled muscarinic receptors**

Question 33

Ligand-gated ion channels are made up of several different \_\_\_.

Answer 33

**subunits**

Question 34

**Receptors** for ion channels are often gated to what?

Answer 34

**G-proteins**

Question 35

**G-proteins** couple ___ activation to ___ modulation. ## Footnote **(effector , receptor)**

Answer 35

**receptor , effector**

Question 36

see sheet on g proteins