6: Anxiety

Question 1

what is the basis of cognitive theory for any mental health disorder?

Answer 1

Dysfunction occurs from an individual’s automatic interpretation of events which in turn influences behaviours important in maintaining emotional problems

Question 2

what is the difference between worry and rumination?

Answer 2

Worry - what if? (centered around the future)
Rumination - why? (centered around the past

Question 3

define: overgeneralisation

Answer 3

Applying a conclusion to a range of situations based on isolated evidence

Question 4

define: magnification/ minimisation

Answer 4

Enlarging/reducing importance of events.

Question 5

define: mind reading

Answer 5

Assuming people are reacting negatively to you despite a lack of evidence for this

Question 6

define: arbitrary inference

Answer 6

drawing a conclusions without sufficient evidence

Question 7

define: cognitive distortion

Answer 7

unhelpful ways of thinking

Question 8

define: schema

Answer 8

Underlying beliefs and assumptions about self and world based on experience and used to organise and interpret new information that are stored in our memory, also called core beliefs

Question 9

what characterises Clark’s 1986 panic model?

Answer 9

Panic results from catastrophic misinterpretation (CM) of internal sensations.
i.e. trigger-> perceived threat-> apprehensions-> body sensation-> interpretation of sensations as catastrophic (& the cycle continues)

Question 10

what are 3 of the psychoeducation tools used to help catastrophic misinterpretation?

Answer 10

Corrective information
Socratic method - eg What makes you think anxiety can cause a heart attack?
Behavioural experiments - Hyperventilation provocation (like exposure therapy)

Question 11

how effective is CBT for generalised anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder?

Answer 11

approximately 50% recovery

Question 12

which types of anxiety fair better with CBT that GAD?

Answer 12

Higher recovery in panic and social phobia

Question 13

which types of anxiety/related are harder to treat with CBT?

Answer 13

OCD & GAD

Question 14

how does exposure therapy compare to CBT for effectiveness?

Answer 14

CBT is no more effective than exposure (PTSD, OCD; Fisher & Wells, 2005)
Addition of CBT to exposure does not improve outcomes
The efficacy of CBT appears to be falling

Question 15

define: metacognitive beliefs

Answer 15

beliefs are generalized beliefs about thoughts and feelings and carry positive and negative information about how we should deal with thoughts and feelings

Question 16

define: metacognition

Answer 16

thinking about thinking

Question 17

what are the principles of metacognitive theory?

Answer 17

thoughts don’t matter but your response to them does

Question 18

what us cognitive attentional syndrome?

Answer 18

style of thinking characterised by rumination, threat monitoring, unhelpful coping strategies (thought suppression)

Question 19

give examples of unhelpful negative metacognitive beliefs

Answer 19

I cannot control my worrying
Worrying will harm my mind/body

Question 20

give examples of unhelpful positive metacognitive beliefs

Answer 20

Worrying helps me cope
If I worry I’ll be prepared

Question 21

what are type 1 worries?

Answer 21

worry about social, self and world

Question 22

what are type 2 worries?

Answer 22

worrying about worrying

Question 23

which is more effective CBT or metacognitive therapy?

Answer 23

MCT significantly more effective than CBT