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301: Human Diseases > 6-Adaptive Tissue Responses > Flashcards

6-Adaptive Tissue Responses Flashcards

0
Q

Define adaptive changes.

A

Changes in mature cells and tissues after growth has occurred

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1
Q

What are the factors that determine a cells ability to adapt?

A 
Vulnerability to certain agents
State of differentiation (labile/stable/permament)
Blood supply
Nutrition
Previous state of the cell
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2
Q

What are the different types of changes a cell/tissue can undergo?

A

Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia

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3
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in the size of the organ or tissue due to decrease in size/number of its specialised cell

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4
Q

What can cause atrophy of an organ/tissue?

A 
Decreased blood supply 
Loss of innervation 
Decreased workload (disuse)
Prolonged pressure
Loss of hormonal/endocrine stimulation
Lack of nutrition
Physiological
Senile atrophy (aging)
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5
Q

Give an example of a physiological change that causes atrophy of a tissue/organ

A

Thymus undergoes involution during puberty

Uterus decreases in size after parturition

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6
Q

What is the process involved in atrophic changes of a cell/tissue/organ?

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

Explain the mechanism of atrophic changes in cells/tissues

A

Apoptosis: decrease I’m the number if cells (decreased number of organelles)
Reduction cell size due to catabolic > anabolic processes (increased proteolysis/protein degradation by ubiquinisation stimulated by growth hormones and cytokines) - fewer mitochondria, myofilaments, ER and increased autophagic vacuoles

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8
Q

Define hyper trophy

A

Increase In size of an organ/tissue due to an increase in size of the specialised cells

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9
Q

Generally what causes an increase in size during hypertrophic changes?

A

Increased workload on cells that cannot divide to form new cells
Increased number of organelles that are limited by the SA:Vol therefore results in increase in size

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10
Q

What are the two categories of the causes of hypertrophic changes?

A

Compensatory (increased functional demand)

Hormonal (specific hormonal stimulation)

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11
Q

What are the compensatory causes of hypertrophy?

A

Removal of a kidney
Heavy work load of skeletal muscles
Increased BP in myocardium

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12
Q

What is are the hormonal causes of hypertrophy?

A

Pregnancy - hypertrophy of the uterus

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13
Q

What can stimulate the signal transduction pathways that cause increase in organelles and cell size during hypertrophy?

A

Mechanical/physical triggers

Tropic triggers

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14
Q

Give example(s) of mechanical or physical triggers in hypertrophic changes

A

Stretching of myocardium

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15
Q

What are some of the trophic triggers of hypertrophy?

A 
Growth factors
Vasoactive factors (cytokines and hormones)
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16
Q

What are the two possible forms of cardiac muscle hypertrophy?

A

Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy

Concentric cardiac hypertrophy

17
Q

What is concentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A 
Cardiac muscle hypertrophy with narrowing of heart chamber due to chronic pressure overloaded and increased resistance
Reduced compliance (stiff) 
Reduced filling and diastolic dysfunction (shorter)
18
Q

What is a possible outcome of the reduced filling and diastolic dysfunction consequence of concentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Possible cell death and ischemia

19
Q

What type of cardiac hypertrophy occurs when there is chronic pressure overload and increased resistance (I.e. Vascular disease)?

A

Concentric cardiac hypertrophy

20
Q

What type of cardiac hypertrophy occurs during exercise?

A

Increased blood supply to the heart results in eccentric cardiac hypertrophy

21
Q

What occurs during eccentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Increased blood flow to the heart
Stress on heart due to volume overload
Lengthening of cardiomyocytes (not thickening)
Ventricular dilation
Normal relative sarcomere lengths - expansion to receive greater volume of blood
walls thicken in proportion to radius of chamber (dilation) therefore total size of chamber is relatively larger

22
Q

What is the compensatory response to increase cardiac output in eccentric cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Dilation while stretching of cardiomyocytes allows increase in stroke volume

23
Q

What will happen if cardiomyocytes are stretch beyond their limitations?

A

Decreases contractile strength (long term effects)

24
Q

What is the adaptive change that results in an increase in the size of an organ/tissue due to and increase in the number of its specialised cells?

A

Hyperplasia

25
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

increase in the size of an organ/tissue due to and increase in the number of its specialised cells

26
Q

In what type of tissues is hyperplasia possible?

A

Stable or labile cells

27
Q

Is hyperplasia possible in permanent cells? Why/why not?

A

No. Permanent cells are cells that have already left the cell cycle and are not able to replicate/re-enter in order to undergo hyperplasia

28
Q

What are the causes of hyperplasia?

A

Increased local production of growth factors
Increased growth factor receptors
Activation of specific intracellular pathways

29
Q

What are the three categories (physical and pathological) of hyperplasia?

A

Compensatory
Hormonal
Respiratory

30
Q

What are the compensatory examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Haemopoietic system after blood loss

Mesenteric lymph nodes

31
Q

What are the hormonal examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Normal cyclical changes in the mammary glands/endometrium

32
Q

What are the compensatory examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Lymph nodes during infection

33
Q

What are the respiratory examples of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Restoration of tissue architecture and function

34
Q

What are the hormonal examples of pathological hyperplasia?

A

Excessive hormonal stimulation

  • excess erythropoietin (polyothemia): common in athletes to increase RBC count
  • excess oestrogen (dysmenorrhea)
35
Q

Give examples of physiological hyperplasia

A

Haemopoietic system after blood loss
Mesenteric lymph nodes
Normal cyclical changes in the mammary glands/endometrium

36
Q

Give examples of pathological hyperplasia

A

Lymph nodes during infection
Restoration of tissue architecture and function
Excessive hormonal stimulation
-excess erythropoietin (polyothemia): common in athletes to increase RBC count
-excess oestrogen (dysmenorrhea)

37
Q

Define metaplasia

A

Change from one type of specialised, fully differential adult cell to another cell type with reduced/loss of function

38
Q

Describe the mechanism of metaplasia

A

Protective/adaptive response (reversible) where stem cells are ‘reprogrammed’ within the affected organ
Changes in gene transcription/translation by cytokines, growth factors, ECM components

39
Q

Give an example of metaplasia

A

Barrett oesophagus

301: Human Diseases (5 decks)

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