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301: Human Diseases > 4-Regeneration and Repair > Flashcards

4-Regeneration and Repair Flashcards

0
Q

Define healing

A

Process of regeneration and repair

Attempts to restore tissue integrity, structure and function

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1
Q

What are the three possible outcomes of injury?

A

Overwhelmed and dies
Copes well: acute inflammation process and complete recover by regeneration/repair
Copes poorly: chronic inflammation process

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2
Q

Define regeneration

A

Restitution of lost/damaged tissues

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3
Q

Define repair

A

Variable restoration of damaged tissues by regeneration and scarring (connective tissue)

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4
Q

What are the elements of regeneration and repair?

A

Cellular factors
Chemical mediators (growth factors)
Stromal factors
Additional factors

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5
Q

What are the two types of cellular factors?

A

Tissue specific and non-tissue specific

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6
Q

What are the two tissue tissue specific factors that govern regeneration in tissue?

A

Inherent nature of the cells

Relationship with the scaffold and blood supply

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7
Q

How are tissue specific cells categorised? What are these categories?

A

Categorised by feplicative/proliferative potential

Labile
Stable
Permanent

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8
Q

Describe labile cells

A

Rapid cell turnover

Present within one of the active phases of the cell cycle

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9
Q

Give an example of a labile cell.

A

Epithelial cell

Haematopoietic cell

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10
Q

Describe stable cells

A

Slow cell turnover

Present in the resting (G0) phase of the cell cycle - can be recruited/activated

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11
Q

Give an example of a stable cell.

A 
Mesenchymal cell (fibroblast, connective tissue, osteoblast, etc)
Parenchymal cell (hepatocytes)
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12
Q

Describe permanent cells

A

No cell replacement/non-replicative

Left the cell cycle and cannot be recruited back

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13
Q

Give an example of permanent cells

A

Cardiac myocytes

Neurons (skeletal muscle)

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14
Q

What type of cells can proliferate in the cell cycle to restore lost tissue?

A

Labile and stable cells

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that are capable of prolonged self renewal and asymmetric replication

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16
Q

What does asymmetric replication mean?

A

After cell division one cell retains self renewing ability and the other will differentiate into a mature cell with no/limited ability to self renew

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17
Q

What are the two categories for stem cells?

A

Embryonic and adult stem cells

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18
Q

Describe embryonic stem cells

A

Formed at the 32 cell stage
Pluripotential
Asymmetric replication

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of adult stem cells in comparison to embryonic stem cells?

A

No asymmetric replication and are not pluripotent

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20
Q

Where can adult stem cells be extracted from?

A

Bone marrow

Tissue (organ)

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21
Q

What can adult stem cells from bone marrow differentiate into?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell -> blood cells (broad differentiation potential)

22
Q

What can adult stem cells from organ tissue differentiate into?

A

Multiplying adult progenitor cells
Can regenerate into the types of cells within that organ only (eg. Cells in liver cannot regenerate to form cells in skeletal muscle)

23
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Initiation and amplification of acute inflammation
Progression of chronic inflammation
Transition between inflammation and wound healing
Phagocytic removal of dead cells and matrix
Source of growth factors

24
Q

What are some of the growth factors produced by macrophages?

A

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Transforming growth factor (TGF) a & b
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

25
Q

What are the tissue non-specific cellular factors of regeneration and repair?

A

Macrophages
Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells

26
Q

What are the main functions of fibroblasts?

A

Provide structural integrity and tensile strength in wounds

Source of growth factors

27
Q

How do fibroblasts provide structural integrity and tensile strength to wounds?

A

Predominant cell type in connective tissue
Stable cells - maintain capacity for rapid growth
Proliferate locally and synthesise extracellular matrix components (collagen, fibronectin)
Can become contractile (myofibroblasts)

28
Q

What growth factors are produced by fibroblasts?

A

Keratinocyte growth factor

Interleukin growth factor-1

29
Q

What are the functions of endothelial cells in relation to healing?

A

Responds to growth factors such as VEGF
Source of growth factors - PDGF
Restoration of blood supply to damaged tissues

30
Q

What is the main function of chemical mediators (growth factors) in the healing process?

A

Triggers for cell proliferation
Stimulating cellular movement, contractility, differentiation, angiogenesis, critical processes in repair and regeneration

31
Q

List the growth factors that are polypeptides.

A 
EGF, TGF-a (tyrosine kinase receptor) and HGF
VEGF
PDGF
TGF-ß
Cytokines
32
Q

Which growth factors are involved in epithelial cell proliferation?

A

EGF, TGF-a (tyrosine kinase receptor) and HGF

33
Q

Which growth factors are involved in vascular proliferation?

A

VEGF

34
Q

Which growth factors are involved in migration and proliferation of mesenchymal cells?

A

PDGF

35
Q

Which growth factors are pleiotropic-growth inhibitors for epithelial cells and leukocytes?

A

TGF-ß

36
Q

What is receptor mediated signal transduction?

A

Binding of growth factors to specific receptors on cells which stimulate the transcription of genes important in regulating entry and progression of cell cycle

37
Q

What are the three categories of receptor mediated signal transduction?

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

38
Q

What are autocrines? Give and example

A

GF produced locally and has an affect on same cell type/itself

Liver regeneration

39
Q

What are paracrines? Give an example

A

GF produced locally to adjacent cell type (often different)

Inflammatory and Stromal cells

40
Q

What are endocrines?

A

GF produced by cells at a distance from target cells and are transported via blood

41
Q

What is the role of the connective tissue stroma?

A

Functions as a scaffold for tissue

The interaction between tissue cells and ECM determines if cells can adhere, migrate and proliferate

42
Q

What are some of the cells involved in the connective tissue stroma?

A

Fibroblast, fibrocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, Schwann cells, astrocytes

43
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) can be organised into what two components?

A 
Interstitial matrix (IM)
Basement membrane (BM)
44
Q

What are some of the components of the ECM?

A

Collagen and elastins
Adhesive glycoproteins
Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
Water, minerals, growth factors

45
Q

What is the interstitial matrix?

A

Component of the ECM

Between epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells

46
Q

What is the interstitial matrix comprised of?

A

Collagen (fibrillar and non-fibrillar), elastin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, hyaluronate

47
Q

What is the basement membrane produced by?

A

Epithelial and mesenchymal cells

48
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Nonfibrillar collagen (IV), laminin, heparin SO4, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

49
Q

What is the key function of the ECM in relegation to the process of tissue healing and repair?

A

Osmotic drag for water
Reservoir for minerals and growth factors
Influence cell growth, movement (chemotaxis) and differentiation (by stromal factors)

50
Q

What are the cell surface adhesion molecules?

A

Adhesion glycoproteins, integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily, selectins, cadherins, CD44

51
Q

What are the matrix adhesion molecules?

A

Fibronectin, osteonectin, tenascin, laminin, vitronectin, fibrinogen, vWF, collagen

52
Q

What are the main function of cell adhesion molecules?

A

Provide interaction between cells (cadherins and immunoglobulin)
Mediate adhesiveness between cells and ECM (integrins)
Provide a mechanism for transmission of mechanical force/cell motility (cadherins and integrins)

53
Q

Describe the process of the signalling mechanisms in cell growth.

A 
Signalling molecule (growth factor) binds to receptor
Activates transducer
Intracellular 2nd messenger 
Effector kinase
Activates enzyme/transcriptor factor
Modified gene transcription

301: Human Diseases (5 decks)

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