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6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does nomenclature mean?

A

The system used for naming organic compounds

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2
Q

What does the term empirical formula mean?

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

What does the term molecular formula mean?

A

It provides the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

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4
Q

What does the term displayed formula mean?

A

It shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

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5
Q

What does the term structural formula mean?

A

It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

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6
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

A type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom.

Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H

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7
Q

Define homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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8
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

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9
Q

Give the suffixes for:

a) No double bonds

A

No double bonds -ane

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10
Q

Give the suffixes for:

b) At least one double bond

A

At least one double bond -ene

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11
Q

Give the suffixes for:

c) An alcohol

A

An alcohol -ol

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12
Q

Give the suffixes for:

d) An aldehyde

A

An aldehyde -al

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13
Q

Give the suffixes for:

e) A ketone

A

A ketone -one

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14
Q

Give the suffixes for:

f) A carboxylic acid

A

A carboxylic acid -oic acid

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15
Q

Give the prefixes for:

a) CH3 group
b) C2H5 group
c) C3H7 group
d) C4H9 group
e) Cl group
f) Br group
g) I group

A

a) CH3 group methyl
b) C2H5 group ethyl
c) C3H7 group propyl
d) C4H9 group butyl-
e) Cl group chloro-
f) Br group bromo
g) I group iodo

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16
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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17
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

Organic compounds which only contain single bonds

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19
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Organic compounds that contain at least one carbon carbon double covalent bond

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20
Q

Define structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed?

A
  1. Alkyl groups can be in different places

2. Functional groups can be bonded to different parts 3. There can be different functional groups

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22
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space

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23
Q

What is E-Z isomerism and how are E and Z isomers differentiated?

A

E-Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C double bonds

If the two substituents with the highest molecular mass are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer

If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer

24
Q

What is Cis-trans isomerism?

A

Special type of E/Z isomerism where the two substituents on each carbon atom are the same

25
Q

Is this an E or Z isomer?

A

E isomer

26
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

It happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals

27
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

28
Q

What are radicals?

A

Highly reactive, neutral species

29
Q

How is a covalent bond formed from two radicals?

A

The radicals collide and the electrons are involved the bond formation

30
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbons containing C-H bonds only

31
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

32
Q

How are alkane fuels obtained?

A

Alkane fuels are obtained from the fractional distillation, cracking and reforming of crude oil.

33
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation of crude oil

A
  1. The oil is pre-heated then passed into a column.
  2. The fractions condense at different heights and the temperature of column decreases upwards
  3. The separation of the fuels depends on boiling point which depends on size of molecules. The larger the molecule the larger the London forces
  4. Similar molecules (size, bp, mass) condense together and so are collected at the same fraction
  5. Small molecules condense at the top at lower temperatures and big molecules condense at the bottom at higher temperatures.
34
Q

What is cracking?

A

It is the process of converting large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breakage of C-C bonds

35
Q

What is the reforming of crude oil?

A

It is processing of straight-chain hydrocarbons into branched-chain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons for efficient combustion.

36
Q

What is the shape and angle of an alkane?

A

Tetrahedral 109.5

37
Q

Describe the 𝜎 bond in alkane

A

The sigma bond is a covalent bond which has a direct overlap of the electron clouds of the bonding atoms.

38
Q

How reactive are alkanes?

A

Very unreactive

39
Q

What reactions will alkanes undergo?

A

Combustion and reaction with halogens

40
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

Oxidation reaction

41
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

Combustion that occurs with plentiful supply of air

42
Q

Write an equation for the complete combustion of octane

A

C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) + 9H2O(l

43
Q

What are the products of complete combustion when alkanes are used?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

44
Q

What is the colour of the bunsen burner flame during complete combustion?

A

Blue flame

45
Q

What is incomplete combustion and what products are formed in the case of alkanes?

A

Combustion in a limited supply of oxygen

Products : water, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

46
Q

Write an equation for the combustion of propane

A

C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

47
Q

Which type of hydrocarbon are most likely to undergo incomplete combustion?

A

Longer chains

48
Q

What are the pollutants formed in the combustion of alkanes?

A

Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon particulates and unburned hydrocarbons

49
Q

What is the environmental impact of carbon monoxide?

A

It is toxic/poisonous

50
Q

What is the environmental impact of soot (carbon)?

A

Asthma, cancer, global dimming

51
Q

What are the environmental impacts of nitrogen oxides?

A

NO is toxic and can form smog NO2 is toxic and acidic and forms acid rain

52
Q

What are the environmental impacts of unbranched hydrocarbons?

A

They contribute towards formation of smog

53
Q

What is the importance of catalytic converter?

A

These remove CO, nitrogen and unburned hydrocarbons (e.g. octane, C8H18) from the exhaust gases, turning them into less toxic products CO2 , N2 and H2O.

54
Q

What are biofuels?

A

They are fuels developed from renewable resources.

Alcohols and biodiesel are two examples of renewable plant- based fuels

55
Q

What are the advantages of biofuels?

A
  • Reduces of use of non-renewable fossil fuels
  • Use of biodiesel is more carbon-neutral
  • Fossil fuels can be used feedstock for organic compounds
  • Less large scale pollution
56
Q

What are the disadvantages of biofuels?

A
  • Less food crops may be grown because crops for biofuel would be grown instead
  • Reduction of rain forests have to be cut down to provide land
  • Shortage of fertile soils

chemistry (13 decks)

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