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EXB 101 > 6-7. Bioenergetics & Control of Metabolism > Flashcards

6-7. Bioenergetics & Control of Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the ability of work depend on?

A

The conversion of one form of energy to another

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2
Q

When is the presence of energy revealed?

A

Only when change occurs

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3
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Energy liberated or required when atoms are rearranged into new configuration

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4
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Energy that a system possesses by virtue of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges

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5
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

Energy of organized motion in which many molecules move simultaneously in the same direction

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6
Q

What is heat?

A

Energy that matter possesses by virtue of the ceaseless, random motion of all the atoms and molecules of which it is composed

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7
Q

Define energy in terms of biology. What is it measured as?

A
  • Capacity to increase order
  • Ability to produce change
  • Measured as the amount of work performed during a given change
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8
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Conversion of one form of energy to another in a biological system

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9
Q

What does the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state about order and entropy?

A
  • Without energy input, processes will always proceed toward a less ordered state
  • Entropy (disorder) will always increase
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10
Q

How do biological systems maintain order?

A

Using energy to keep body in a highly ordered state

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11
Q

What does the 1st Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

Energy can be neither created or destroyed, only converted to another form of energy

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12
Q

What kind of energy can’t perform physiological work of any kind?

A

Heat

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13
Q

What happens when one high-grade form of energy is transformed to another?

A

Some energy is degraded to heat

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14
Q

What is Gibbs Free Energy? Equation?

A

Energy in a compound which can be released to do work

(delta)G = (delta)H - T(delta)S

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15
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

Potential energy w/in a molecule’s chemical bonds

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16
Q

What is entropy?

A

Energy unavailable b/c of randomness

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17
Q

What do all chemical rxns involve?

A

Energy changes

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18
Q

What are enzymes? How are they classified? Specificity? Function? Regulation?

A
  • Proteins classified by the type of rxn they catalyze
  • High specificity for their substrates
  • Catalyze chemical reactions in living organisms
  • Attempt to drive rxn toward equilibrium
  • Highly regulated
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19
Q

What do enzymes affect in a rxn?

A

Rate

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20
Q

What are the factors affecting the rate of enzyme rxns?

A
  • Substrate concentration
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Temp
  • pH
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21
Q

What are isozymes?

A

A single enzyme that exists in multiple molecular forms, which catalyze the same rxn

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22
Q

What is the Law of Mass Action?

A
  • Simple chemical rxns and those catalyzed by equilibrium enzymes proceed linearly based on the concentrations of products and and reactants
  • Rxn will proceed to the right or left depending upon the relative concentrations of the products and reactants
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23
Q

Why are enzymes important in biological systems?

A

Metabolic rxns would occur at such a slow rate that you couldn’t sustain life

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24
Q

How do enzymes alter the rate of a rxn?

A
  • Allow for equilibrium rxns –> rxn can flux in both directions using same enzyme
  • Can regulate enzymes to control which metabolic pathways are on/off
  • Enzymes bring substrates in close proximity of each other –> lower activation energy needed to proceed w/ rxn –> faster velocity of rxn
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25
Q

What are the characteristics of enzyme rxns?

A
  • Irreversible rxn
  • Large energy change
  • Nonequilibrium rxn
  • Less common than S P
  • Often rate limiting step
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26
Q

What are the characteristics of S P enzyme rxns?

A
  • Reversible rxn
  • Small energy change
  • Equilibrium rxn
  • Product also a substrate for the reverse rxn
  • More common than S —> P
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27
Q

Endergonic vs. Exergonic chemical rxns

A 
ENDERGONIC:
-energy must be added to system to make these rxns happen (+ delta G)
-won't occur w/o added energy
-anabolic rxns
EXERGONIC:
-energy released (- delta G)
-can occur spontaneously
-catabolic rxns
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28
Q

What are coupled rxns?

A

Endergonic & exergonic rxns are coupled together

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29
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of e- & H+ associated w/ it

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30
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of e- & H+ associated w/ it

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31
Q

What makes reduced compounds better than oxidized compounds?

A
  • At a higher energy state since they carry more electrons

- Can eventually pass their electrons down the electron transport system to form ATP

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32
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • The sum of all chemical rxns occurring in a living organism
  • All the rxns that create and use ATP
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33
Q

Which metabolic pathways are generally catabolic? Anabolic?

A
  • Catabolic = pathways that generate ATP

- Anabolic = pathways that use ATP

34
Q

What are the 3 primary macronutrients that are sources of energy?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
35
Q

What are the basic building blocks of bioenergetics?

A

C, H, O, N

36
Q

What are the functions of bioenergetics in the body?

A
  • Biologic fuel
  • Biologic structures
  • Physiological processes
37
Q

What is anaplerosis?

A

LOOKUP

38
Q

Describe the energy release from the catabolism of fat.

A

Triglycerides fatty acides & glycerol (can undergo glycolysis) –> beta oxidation acytyl coenzyme A –> krebs cycle –> electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation

39
Q

Describe the energy release from the catabolism of carbohydrates.

A

Polysaccharides –> glucose glycolysis pyruvic acid acetyl coenzyme A –> krebs cycle –> electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

What is direct calorimetry? How is it done?

A
  • Direct measurement of heat production
  • Foodstuffs are ignited and burned in oxygen under pressure
  • Heat of combustion of particular foods can be determined
41
Q

What is heat of combustion? What does it represent?

A
  • The heat liberated by oxidizing a specific food

- Represents the food’s total energy value

42
Q

What is the heat of combustion for 1 g of carbohydrates? Lipids? Proteins?

A
  • Carbs = 4.2 kcal
  • Lipids = 9.4 kcal
  • Protein = 5.65 kcal
43
Q

What are the 3 main identifying parameters of exercise?

A
  • Type
  • Intensity
  • Duration
44
Q

List the types of exercise and whether they’re aerobic or anaerobic.

A
  • Endurance = aerobic
  • Resistance = anaerobic
  • Spring = anaerobic
  • Interval training = combo of both
45
Q

What is endurance exercise?

A

Prolonged continuous or intermittent periods of contractile activity against low resistance

46
Q

What is resistance exercise?

A

Short periods of contractile activity against high resistance

47
Q

What is a sprint type of exercise?

A

Short periods of maximal contractile activity against low resistance

48
Q

What is interval training?

A

Combo of diff types of exercise w/ rest in between intervals

49
Q

How does the percentage of VO2 max relate to the intensity of exercise?

A
  • Up to 49% = light
  • 50-74% = moderate
  • > 75% = heavy
50
Q

What are the 5 means of metabolic control in exercise?

A
  • Allosteric regulation
  • Covalent modification
  • Changing substrate concentration
  • Changing enzyme concentration
  • Nervous & hormonal control
51
Q

What is the committed step of a rxn? What is a common inhibitor of this?

A
  • Common control point in a metabolic pathway when the enzyme catalyzes the first irreversible rxn
  • Inhibitor = product of the pathway can come back and regulate enzyme catalyzing committed step
52
Q

Effects of allosteric activators vs. inhibitors on enzyme kinetics

A 
ACTIVATORS
-shift curve to left
-lower Km
-Higher affinity for enzyme
-Increased velocity of rxn
-takes lower substrate concentration to get same velocity as w/ no effectors
INHIBITORS
-shift curve to right
-higher Km
-lower affinity for enzyme
-slower velocity of rxn
-takes higher substrate concentration to get same velocity as w/ no effectors
53
Q

What is allosteric modification?

A

Physically changing enzyme’s affinity for substrate to affect velocity of rxn

54
Q

What is covalent modification?

A

Activity of certain enzymes is controlled by the reversible addition of chemical groups to their molecules

55
Q

What is the most common way to modify the activity of enzymes and receptors? What is this an example of?

A
  • Covalent modification

- Attach a phosphate group to the hydroxyl part of the side chains of amino acids serine, threonine and tyrosine

56
Q

What is enzyme modulation by a cofactor?

A

Cofactors or coenzymes activate enzymes often by leading to a change in configuration which exposes the substrate binding site

57
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

An organic or inorganic substance that is essential for the enzyme to function

58
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Soluble, organic molecule which promiscuously associates and disassociates w/ the various enzymes it partners

59
Q

What is the effect of temp and pH on enzyme activity? What happens at extremes?

A
  • Enzymes have optimal temp & pH levels
  • Too high/low temp = lowered activity
  • Too high/low pH = denaturation
60
Q

How does changing substrate concentration control metabolism?

A

Increase of substrate on one side of rxn increases rate in direction opposite to high concentration & decreases rate in its own direction

61
Q

What is intracellular substrate concentration controlled by?

A

Concentration gradients and membrane transport proteins

62
Q

What is the difference between allosteric modifiers and cofactors?

A
  • Allosteric modifiers = not needed for rxn to occur

- Cofactors = needed for enzymes to function & rxn to occur

63
Q

Active vs. Passive transport

A
  • Active = requires energy & carrier protein to transport molecules across gradient
  • Passive = large or charged molecules need channels, transporters; no energy required
64
Q

What are the 3 mitochondrial transporters? How many things do they transport? What direction do they move?

A
  • Uniport = transports one substrate down concentration gradient
  • Symport = transports 2 substrates in same direction
  • Antiport = transports 2 substrates in opposite directions
65
Q

How can the body increase the Vmax of a rxn?

A

Increase concentration of enzyme

66
Q

How is changing the enzyme concentration achieved? How fast is it?

A
  • Slow process

- Often achieved through changes in rate of gene transcription

67
Q

What are the major systems regulated during exercise?

A
  • Metabolism

- Cardiovascular functionj

68
Q

What does the metabolism do during exercise?

A
  • Mobilize fuel for energy production

- Increase rate at which fuel is broken down to produce ATP

69
Q

What are the cardiovascular functions during exercise?

A
  • Transport fuel, oxygen & waste
  • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Maintain thermal balance
70
Q

What is the neurotransmitter released by the SNS? Name an endocrine gland that also releases this compound.

A
  • Norepinephrine/epinephrine

- Adrenal medulla

71
Q

What does norepinephrine mainly bind?

A

Alpha adrenergic receptors

72
Q

What does epinephrine mainly bind?

A

Both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

73
Q

What is the intracellular mediator of alpha adrenergic receptors? What is their effect?

A
  • Cyclic AMP & calcium
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Intestinal relaxation
74
Q

What is the intracellular mediator of B1 adrenergic receptors? What is their effect?

A
  • Cyclic AMP
  • Increased HR
  • Increased cardiac contraction
  • Increased lipolysis
  • Increased glycogenolysis
75
Q

What is the intracellular mediator of B2 adrenergic receptors? What is their effect?

A
  • Cyclic AMP
  • Vasodilation
  • Brachiodilation
76
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A
  • Glands secrete hormones into the blood

- Hormones act as chemical systems throughout the body

77
Q

How do most steroid hormones alter cell function?

A
  • Gene activation

- Diffuse across membrane –> bind to intracellular receptors –> effect specific target cell

78
Q

How do non-steroidal hormones alter cell function? Ex)

A
  • Activate second messengers in cytoplasm

- Ex) insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine

79
Q

What is the difference in composition between steroids and non steroids

A

Steroids are lipid soluble

80
Q

What are the functions of insulin and glucagon?

A
  • Insulin = decreases blood glucose levels

- Glucagon = increases blood glucose levels

81
Q

How does insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose levels?

A
  1. Pancreas secretes insulin when blood glucose is high
  2. Insulin stimulates formation of glycogen from glucose & promotes movement of glucose into certain cells
  3. Blood glucose decreases, which inhibits insulin secretion
  4. Pancreas secretes glucagon when blood glucose is low
  5. Stimulates change of glycogen into glucose & conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose
  6. Blood glucose increase

EXB 101 (7 decks)

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