6 & 7. Autonomic Pharmacology I & II

Question 1

Autonomic system consists of?

Answer 1

Parasympathetic (rest and digest) & Sympathetic system (fight and flight).

Question 2

Parasympathetic pathway neurons project to the eye through which CN?

Answer 2

CN 3 & 7

Question 3

What is CN III?

Answer 3

Oculomotor nerve

Question 4

What is CN VII?

Answer 4

Facial nerve

Question 5

Describe the parasympathetic pathway of CN III

Answer 5

Fibres originate from EW found in the mid brain. This fibres spilt into superior and inferior fibres. Inferior fibres carry preganglionic fibres to the ciliary ganglion found at the back of the orbit. Post ganglionic fibres run short ciliary nerves from ciliary ganglion. This innervates ciliary muscles and iris sphincter muscle.

Question 6

Describe the parasympathetic pathway by CN VII?

Answer 6

Preganglionic fibres: Pass to the sphenopalatine ganglion.
Postganglionic fibres: Pass to the lacrimal gland.

Question 7

Describe the parasympathetic pathway origin of CN VII?

Answer 7

Fibres in superior salivatory nucleus found in the midbrain.

Question 8

CN VII innervates?

Answer 8

Lacrimal gland

Question 9

Describe the sympathetic innervation?

Answer 9

Impulse from hypothalamus pass to thoracic sympathetic ganglion. Preganglionic fibres leave the spinal chord and travel to the neck where they synapse in superior cervical ganglion. Postganglionic fibres follow the path of internal carotid artery to enter the orbit. They travel as short and long ciliary nerves to innervate the iris dilator muscle, muller muscle and ciliary epithelium and ciliary muscle.

Question 10

Which neurotransmitters are found in Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic system?

Answer 10

Parasympathetic: Ach and NE
Sympathetic: Only Ach

Question 11

What type of receptors do Ach and NE have?

Answer 11

Ach: Nicotinic receptors
NE: Muscarinic receptors

Question 12

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic? which system has more effectors?

Answer 12

Sympathetic

Question 13

NE vs Ach, which one is cholinergic and adrenergic?

Answer 13

Cholinergic: Ach
Adrenergic: NE

Question 14

Which system has more control: Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic

Answer 14

Parasympathetic- fewer effectors

Question 15

Describe the effect that Parasympathetic and Sympathetic system has in the iris?

Answer 15

Parasympathetic: Cholinergic innervation of iris sphincter muscle leads to excitatory effect, leads to contraction of iris sphincter and therefore miosis (close pupil).
Sympathetic: Adrenergic innervation of iris dilator leads to mydriasis (contraction of the pupil).

Question 16

What is the neurotransmitter used in the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic preganglionic synapses?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

Nicotinic receptors receive signal at?

Answer 17

Ganglionic synapses

Question 18

Muscarinic receptors receive signal at?

Answer 18

Neuro-effector junctions

Question 19

Synaptic transmission meaning?

Answer 19

Neurotransmitter going through synaptic cleft

Question 20

What will happen if neurotransmitter is present at synaptic cleft?

Answer 20

As long of neurotransmitter is present at the synaptic cleft it will continue to bind with receptors and activate the post synaptic membrane.

Question 21

Why is removal of neurotransmitter important?

Answer 21

Removal is important for normal synaptic function.

Question 22

3 ways in which neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft?

Answer 22

1. Diffusion of neurotransmitter away from synaptic cleft.
2. AchE degrades Ach to choline + acetate.
3. Re-uptake of choline back into presynaptic terminals.

Question 23

3 ways in which neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft?

Answer 23

1. Diffusion of neurotransmitter away from synaptic cleft.
2. AchE degrades Ach to choline + acetate.
3. Re-uptake of choline back into presynaptic terminals.

Question 24

Role of AchE?

Answer 24

AchE degrades Ach to choline + acetate in synaptic cleft.

Question 25

Choline broken down from Ach moves to?

Answer 25

Presynaptic terminals by the membrane-bound enzyme ChaT and HACU

Question 26

5 effects that drugs can have on cholinergic synaptic transmission?

Answer 26

1. Mimic neurotransmitter (Ach).
2. Block synthesis of neurotransmitter. (Acetylcholine synthesis).
3. Prevent release of neurotransmitter.
4. Block neurotransmitter receptor.
5. Inhibit the enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter

Question 27

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic- which system has neuro-effector cells?

Answer 27

Sympathetic

Question 28

Neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 28

Nor-epinephrine (NE)

Question 29

NE is degraded by what and where?

Answer 29

By: MAO
Where: mitochondria

Question 30

In the neuro-effector cells, which receptors receive the signal ?

Answer 30

Alpha and Beta

Question 31

How drugs affect adrenergic synaptic transmission?

Answer 31

1. Mimic NE
2. Block NE synthesis
3. Block the receptor
4. Prevent NE release
5. Inhibit MOA
6. Prevent re-uptake of NE
7. Block NE release

Question 32

Which type of receptor is found in the neuro-effector junction of the sphincter papillae muscle?

Answer 32

Muscarinic

Question 33

Facial nerve (VII) supplies?

Answer 33

Supplies variety of gland and smooth muscles within the walls of blood vessels.

Question 34

Enzymes involved in Parasympathetic Vs sympathetic transmission?

Answer 34

Parasympathetic: AchE
Sympathetic: MAO (involved in degrading NE) & COMT (involved in re-uptake and metabolism of NE).