6

Question 1

Secretory Glands

Can self regulate, but affected by the

Answer 1

ANS

Question 2

Sympathetic system:

Answer 2

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 3

Parasympathetic system:

Answer 3

acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors)

Question 4

Somatic system:

Answer 4

acetylcholine (nicotinic receptors)

Question 5

Adrenergic transmission

Transmitter transported back into the

Answer 5

presynaptic terminus

Question 6

Cholinergic transmission

Neurotransmitter hydrolyzed in

Answer 6

synapse

Question 7

Sympathomimetic

Answer 7

Sympathetic PNS

Question 8

Endogenous Adrenergic Amines made in

Answer 8

sympathetic nerve terminals and in the adrenal medulla

Question 9

alpha1 receptors

Answer 9

Most important place - smooth muscle cells.

Question 10

alpha 1 receptors all coupled to

Answer 10

Galphaq - leads to smooth muscle contraction

Question 11

Alpha 1 receptors increase

Answer 11

Calcium, activity of yosin light chain kinase, myosin light chain phosphorylation, overall contractility.

Question 12

a2 receptors

Most important at

Answer 12

presynaptic termini

Question 13

a2 receptors inhibit

Answer 13

epinephrine and norepinephrine release (CNS and PNS)

Question 14

b2 receptors on smooth muscle cells increase

Answer 14

PKA,

Question 15

b2 receptors phosphorylate and inhibit

Answer 15

myosin light chain kinase,

Question 16

b2 receptors diminish —— levels and inhibit

Answer 16

Ca++

myosin light chain kinase (next slide),

Question 17

b2 receptors diminish phosphorylation of

Answer 17

myosin light chain and decrease muscle contractility

Question 18

cAMP activates PKA which, in turn, inhibits

Answer 18

MLCK. Inhibition of MLCK diminishes myosin light chain phosphorylation and diminishes smooth muscle contraction (i.e. ‘causes’ dilation).

Question 19

b1 receptors on cardiac muscle cells (mainly b1 but also b2) activate

Answer 19

PKA, activate L type Ca++ channels,

Question 20

b1 receptors increase

Answer 20

Ca++ levels and increase muscle contractility

Question 21

Cardiac effects Mainly

Answer 21

b1 effects. b2 effects contribute to epinephrine activity.

Question 22

Non vascular smooth muscle

Usually relaxation mediated by

Answer 22

b2 receptors. GI decreased motility. Broncho dilation. However, a receptors mediate sphincter contraction

Question 23

Salivary Glands

Net effect:

Answer 23

Modest secretion with a high concentration of protein.

Mainly a1 and b1 with some b2. b1 stimulates protein secretion

Question 24

Intravenous administration of epi and norepi

Answer 24

you get anxiety, jitters, apprehension in spite of bbb not allowing it through.

Question 25

Endogenous agonists

Answer 25

dopamine, epi, norepi

Question 26

Dopamine mainly important in

Answer 26

CNS

Question 27

Anaphylaxis:

Answer 27

severe whole body response to allergen Smooth muscle constriction Vasodilation (severe hypotension) Increased vascular permeability

Question 28

Epinephrine (intramuscular injection) standard emergency treatment Stimulation of a receptors:

Answer 28

Increase blood pressure

Question 29

Epinephrine (intramuscular injection) standard emergency treatment Stimulation of b1 receptors:

Answer 29

Positive cardiac effects

Question 30

Epinephrine (intramuscular injection) standard emergency treatment Stimulation of b2 receptors:

Answer 30

Bronchodilation

Question 31

a1 receptor agonists These drugs act primarily to produce

Answer 31

contraction of vascular smooth muscle, resulting in an increase in blood pressure. Some are contained in commonly used oral or topical decongestants or in eye drops (diminish bloodshot eyes).

Question 32

Levonordefrin is sometimes used as a

Answer 32

vasoconstrictor in conjuction with a local anesthetic.

Question 33

Metaraminol is used to treat

Answer 33

t hypotension during surgery.

Question 34

Vasoconstrictors in Dental Practice Epinephrine (common) levonordefrin (less common) used in conjunction with local anesthetic. Why?

Answer 34

1. Prolong the duration of nerve block and might improve the likelihood of success of nerve block. 2. Diminish systemic toxicity of the anesthetic 3. Minimize blood loss during surgical procedure

Question 35

a2 receptor agonists The drugs are thought to primarily act in the central nervous system by inhibiting

Answer 35

epinephrine and norepinephrine release from presynaptic termini. This can produce a wide variety of effects. Some agonists (e.g. clonidine, guanabenz, guanfacine, and methyldopa) are used to treat hypertension via autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system*. Others act as a muscle relaxant (e.g. tizanidine). Others are used to treat ADHD (clonidine) or as a sedative (dexmedetomidine).

Question 36

b1 receptor agonists These drugs are used primarily in the treatment of

Answer 36

heart failure and cardiogenic shock via direct stimulation of b1 receptors.

Question 37

b2 agonists These drugs produce

Answer 37

smooth muscle relaxation. They are used primarily to treat respiratory disease (e.g. asthma) but can be used to produce vasodilation in muscle and liver and to produce relaxation of uterine tissue.

Question 38

Non-selective a adrenergic receptor antagonists blcok

Answer 38

transmitter mediated feedback loop