6/4 markers Flashcards
1
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Making a standard solution with crystals
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- NH3 has hydrogen bonding between its molecules whereas F2 and Br2 have van der waals forces between their molecules.
- The boiling point of these substances are determined by the strength of intermolecular bonding.
- Bromine has a higher boiling point than fluorine as it has more electrons so the van der waals’ forces in bromine will be stronger than the van der waals forces in fluorine.
- Bromine has a higher boiling point than Hydrogen as it has more electrons and more shells so the strength of it van der waals’ forces will be greater than the hydrogen bonding in NH3
- However NH3 has a higher boiling point than F2 because the hydrogen bonding in NH3 is stronger than the van der waals’ forces in F2
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Note :
- dissolving the solution in nitric acid and then adding silver nitrate solution dropwise
The nitric acid is to prevent any false positive results from carbonate ions precipitating out with silver ions.
Ammonium gas testing :
- damp red litmus paper. Red litmus turns blue in alkalis, while blue litmus turns red in acids.
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use a separating funnel to separate layers and collect the lower organic layer due to the higher density.
Dry it with an anhydrous salt for example magnesium sulfate and redistill the product and collect the fraction distilling at 102 degrees.
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Equation
Balanced equation for conversion of J to K ✔
e.g.
CH3CHOHCH(CH3)2 + [O] → CH3COCH(CH3)2 +
H2O
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